a.
2%.
b.
6%.
c.
20%.
d.
33%.
e.
50%
65. Which of the following is a feature of bone metabolism?
a.
Cortical bone mass alone is diagnostic of osteoporosis
b.
Trabecular bone is the chief supplier of blood calcium on a low-calcium diet
c.
The strongest predictor of bone density is calcium intake during the third decade of life
d.
Bone density of former smokers never achieves the level found in people who never
smoked
e.
Heavy alcohol intake is modestly protective of bone density when beer and wine are
consumed but not when liquor is
66. What does a DEXA scan measure?
a.
Bone density
b.
Severity of bone microfractures
c.
Bioavailability of calcium supplements
d.
Calcium absorption and excretion balance
e.
Movement of calcium throughout the body
67. The development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of
osteoporosis in women?
a.
5 years earlier
b.
About the same time
c.
5 years later
d.
10 years later
e.
15 years later
68. The primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to
a.
greater kidney retention of calcium.
b.
the presence of bioavailable calcium.
c.
more stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation.
d.
the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals.
e.
the use of calcium alginate in processing soy beans.
69. Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium supplement use?
a.
Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium
b.
Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron
c.
Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate
d.
Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the
stomach
e.
Taking them with carbonated beverages can speed their dissolution and increase calcium
bioavailability
70. How many mg of calcium are present in a 500-mg tablet of calcium carbonate?
a.
100
b.
200
c.
300
d.
400
e.
500
COMPLETION
1. As much as ____________________ percent of the sodium in people’s diets comes from salt added to
foods by manufacturers; about ____________________ percent comes from salt added during cooking
and at the table; and only ____________________ percent comes from the natural content in foods.
2. ____________________ caused by excessive sodium losses, not from inadequate sodium intake.
3. ____________________ is the major anion of the extracellular fluids.
4. ____________________ is the major cation of the intracellular fluids.
5. As bones begin to form, calcium salts form crystals, called ____________________, on a matrix of
the protein collagen.
6. ____________________ helps to make the calcium-binding protein needed for absorption.
7. ____________________ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
8. ____________________ forms part of the protein-making machinery and is necessary for energy
metabolism.
9. Deficiencies of ____________________, an oxidized form of a mineral, do not occur when diets
contain protein.
10. ____________________ is found not only in bones and teeth, but also in all body cells as part of a
major buffer system, and is found in almost all foods, making deficiency rare.
MATCHING
a.
30
k.
Vitamin D
b.
55
l.
Magnesium
c.
100
m.
Phosphorous
d.
350
n.
Oxalate
e.
600
o.
Aldosterone
f.
1000
p.
Parathyroid hormone
g.
2000
q.
Hydroxyapatite
h.
Renin
r.
Antidiuretic hormone
i.
Sulfur
s.
Potassium in solution
j.
Calcium
t.
Phosphate in solution
1. Typical amount (in mL) of water lost from lungs every day
2. Recommended minimum water intake (in mL) for adult expending 2,000 kcalories
3. Enzyme released by kidneys
4. Stimulates retention of sodium by kidneys
5. Stimulates retention of water by kidneys
6. A cation
7. An anion
8. Number of times more acidic a substance with pH of 4 is versus a substance with pH of 2
9. Most prevalent major mineral in the body
10. Catalyst for ATP formation
11. Crystalline structure of bone
12. Hormone that helps regulate calcium balance
13. The age by which peak bone mass is achieved
14. Recommended calcium intake (mg/day) for college-age students
15. Percentage of dietary calcium absorbed by newborn infants
16. Substance that inhibits absorption of calcium
17. Amount of calcium, in mg, in 2 cups of milk
18. The protein in milk is a good source of this mineral
19. Substance that enhances absorption of calcium
20. Mineral that accounts for the structure of many proteins
1. List six different functions for water in the body.
2. Discuss the advantages of a liberal daily intake of water.
3. List the signs of dehydration as loss of body water progresses from slight to severe.
4. Explain the roles of hormones in helping to regulate the body’s water balance.
5. Contrast the properties of minerals with those of vitamins.
6. Explain the relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension. What are the roles of calcium,
magnesium, and potassium in regulating blood pressure?
7. What are the major sources of sodium in the diet of the U.S. population? Describe ways in which
consumers can lower intakes of salt in their diets.
8. What are the features of the DASH eating plan, and why is it thought to be effective in the prevention
and treatment of high blood pressure?
9. Explain the functions of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in the regulation of calcium
metabolism.
10. Define calcium rigor and calcium tetany. What role does dietary intake of calcium play in these
disorders?
11. List five nonmilk sources of calcium.
12. Discuss major risk factors in the development of osteoporosis. What population groups are most at
risk? What dietary measures are advocated for high-risk groups?
13. Discuss the choices of diet and drugs for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in women.
14. Discuss the role of physical activity in reducing the risk for osteoporosis.
15. Outline the adverse effects and mechanisms of alcohol intake and of smoking on bone health.