105
Excretory Systems
A. Multiple Choice
Key/
Page
No.
557
a. removal of waste and harmful substances.
b. maintenance of water balance.
c. selective retention of inorganic solutes.
d. waste removal and water balance.
e. all of these.
558
a. urinary system
b. respiratory system
c. integumentary system
d. lymphatic system
558
a. urea.
b. ammonia.
c. uric acid.
d. glutamine.
561
a. creatinine
b. allantoin
c. guanine
d. creatinine and guanine
e. all of these.
561
a. a Na+-activated Cl– channel.
b. Na+ build up inside the cell.
c. Na+/K+ ATPase.
d. a Cl–-activated Na+ channel.
e. a NaCl channel.
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569
a. Renal pelvis
b. Renal medulla
c. Renal cortex
d. Ureter
563
a. secretion
b. reabsorption
c. osmoconcentration
d. two of these.
e all of these
563,
565
a. Protonephridia.
b. Metanephridia.
c. Mesonephridia.
d. metanephridia and mesonephridia.
e. protonephridia and metanephridia.
566,
567
a. K+ is secreted into the lumen of the tubule.
b. A V-ATPase pumps H+ ions.
c. Cl– is secreted into the lumen.
d. Two of these.
e. None of these.
576,
577
a. Bowman’s capsule
b. Glomerulus
c. Vasa recta
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal tubule
579
a. Renal hydrostatic pressure
b. Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure
c. Glomerular capillary blood pressure
d. Net filtration pressure
e. Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
a
What region of the mammalian kidney collects urine after its formation?
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579
capillaries with the exception that
a. filtration occurs throughout the length of the capillaries due to the forces acting
on the glomerular membrane.
b. glomerular capillaries have high permeability.
c. in other systems reabsorption only occurs towards the ends of the capillaries.
d. higher capillary permeability ensures higher filtration at any pressure in the
capillaries.
e. all of these.
579
b
The glomerular filtration coefficient does NOT account for
the plasma that enters the glomerulus.
a. 10%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. 25%
e. 30% delete line->
579
a. glomerular membrane permeability.
b. net filtration pressure.
c. glomerular surface area.
580
a. a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.
b. an increase in the blood flow to the glomerulus.
c. an increase in the net filtration pressure.
d. an increase in the glomerular filtration rate.
582
b
The myogenic mechanism for GFR auto regulation involves
a. baroreceptors in the aortic arch sense the pressure change.
b. cardiac output increases.
c. total peripheral resistance increases
d. a reflex response is initiated.
e. all of these.
581
a. the response to changes in the nephron’s tubular component.
b. the response to changes in pressure within the nephron’s vascular component.
c. the release of vasoactive paracrines from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
d. the detection of flow changes by the cells of the macula densa.
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a. is affected by the contractile activity of the filtration membrane.
b. is affected by the amount of K+ in the filtrate..
c. is inversely related to GFR which means when Kf decreases the GFR increases.
d. is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
e. all of these.
584
a. the cytosol
b. the basolar cell membrane
c. the wall of the capillary
d. the interstitial fluid
e. none of these.
585
a. amino acid reabsorption.
b. water reabsorption.
c. regulation of ECF osmolality.
d. secretion of K+ .
e. all of these.
585
a. the maximum amount of a substance that the tubular cells can transport within a
given period.
b. the maximum amount of a substance that flows through the peritubular capillary
within a given period.
c. the maximum rate of diffusion of sodium through the glomerular membrane.
d. the maximum amount of filtrate that can be produced in the presence of
aquaporins.
586
a. Ca2+
b. PO43-
c. K+
d. Ca2+and PO43-
e. PO43- and K+
585
a. Ca2+
b. PO43-
c. Cl–
d. Na+
e. K+
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587
blood pressure.
a. increase, decrease
b. decrease, decrease
c. decrease, increase
d. increase, increase
e. none of these.
587
e
Tubular secretion of potassium
a. granular cell activation.
b. a pressure drop in the afferent arteriole.
c. an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity.
d. an increase in ECF volume.
e. a drop in blood pressure.
590
a. is controlled by the distal portions of the nephron.
b. occurs through the sodium potassium pump.
c. is minimized due to reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
d. involves passive diffusion from the tubular cell to the lumen.
e. all of these.
587,
589
a. decrease in tubular K+ secretion.
b. increase in urinary K+ excretion.
c. increase in tubular K+ secretion.
d. decrease in urinary Na+ excretion.
e. increase in tubular Na+ reabsorption.
592
proximal tubule?
a. facilitating the elimination of non-filterable organic ions in urine
b. facilitating the excretion via glomerular filtration of blood borne chemical
messengers
c. facilitating the excretion of K+ and Na+ in the urine
d. facilitating the removal of foreign organic chemicals
e. none of these.
b
Plasma clearance refers to
593
a. the amount of a particular substance removed from the plasma by the kidneys
per minute.
b. the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a particular substance per
minute.
c. the amount of solutes removed from the plasma filtrate per minute.
110
595-
597,
599
a. countercurrent exchange of NaCl and H2O in the long limbs of the loop of Henle
and the interstitial fluid
b. the accumulation of NaCl in the medulla
c. the accumulation of urea in the medullary interstitial fluid
d. none of these.
598
a. It is also known as ADH.
b. It decreases tubular permeability to urea.
c. It is produced by the hypothalamus.
d. It is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
e. It stimulates reabsorption of water.
601
a. primarily juxtamedullary nephrons.
b. a large medulla.
c. primarily cortical nephrons.
d. a small body size.
e. none of these.
605
a. are located in the kidney.
b. are located in the bladder.
c. are located in the urethra.
d. are at the base of the internal urethral sphincter.
e. none of these.
572
a. small glomeruli
b. chloride cells
c. hypo-osmotic
d. small proximal tubules
e. none of these.
566
a. avian
b. mammalian
c. arthropod
d. reptilian
e. amphibian
558
a. allantoin.
b. uric acid.
c. ammonia.
d. urea.
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558
a. lipid
b. glucose
c. protein
d. amino acid
e. amino acid and protein
558
a. are urotelic.
b. are ammonotelic.
c. evolved specialized tubules lined with transport epithelia.
d. are uricotelic.
e. none of these.
573
a. are aglomerular
b. do not use ultrafiltration to produce urine.
c. begin urine formaqtion in the distal tubule.
d. two of these.
d. all of these.
607
a. toxic agents
b. duct blockage
c. inappropriate immune response
d. insufficient renal blood supply
e. none of these.
B. True or False
569
580 hydrostatic pressure.
583
593 always more than the GFR.
607
558
112
561
563
568
572
C. Matching (correct answers are aligned with each number; e.g., #1 matches with letter a)
D. Essay
Page No.
formation in the mammalian kidney.
autoregulation of the GFR.
aldosterone system (RASS) and the effects it has on the kidney.
ramifications of mammalian renal failure.
mechanisms.