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35. Madison is a nonsmoking 16-year-old high school sophomore who has a large cigarette-
sponsored poster in her bedroom. Compared with nonsmoking Wendy, who has no such
poster in her room, Madison is more likely to
a. begin smoking.
b. begin smoking but then quit within two months.
c. have a pessimistic bias.
d. be an only child.
36. Who is most likely to begin smoking as a means of weight control?
a. middle-aged women
b. teenage boys involved in athletics
c. teenage girls with a fear of weight gain
d. middle-aged men
37. Ashley is a normal weight 16-year-old girl who wants to lose weight and has started
smoking to help her do so. Ashley is at risk for
a. other risky weight loss strategies.
b. switching to illicit drugs.
c. skipping school.
d. Type 2 diabetes.
38. Among 9-to 14-year-old children,
a. boys are more likely than girls to smoke as a means of weight control.
b. boys at this early age were not concerned with weight control.
c. girls were more likely than boys to smoke as a means of weight control.
d. girls at this early age were not concerned with weight control.
39. Barrett is 14 years old and has smoked about 200 cigarettes in her lifetime. Barrett should
know that
a. quitting will be quite easy because she is not yet a regular smoker.
b. she can smoke for another four or five years and then quit.
c. quitting now will be quite difficult.
d. quitting later will be impossible without formal therapy.
40. When nicotine content of cigarettes is lowered, smokers tend to
a. smoke the same number of cigarettes.
b. smoke less of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
c. smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
d. quit smoking.
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41. Which of these factors is LEAST common to addicted smokers?
a. They find quitting only moderately difficult.
b. They are usually aware of the fact that they are smoking.
c. They are seldom aware of the fact that they are not smoking.
d. They give very inaccurate replies when asked about how long it has been since
their last cigarette.
42. When smokers are allowed to smoke only bad-tasting cigarettes,
a. people who smoke for relaxation will show little interest in smoking these
cigarettes.
b. people who are addicted to nicotine will not cut back on the amount of cigarettes
they smoke.
c. people who smoke for pleasure will smoke few or no cigarettes.
d. all of these.
43. The reinforcement explanation of smoking assumes that, for someone who becomes a
smoker,
a. the positive consequences outweigh the negative ones.
b. the negative stimulus of one’s first attempts at smoking arouses a corresponding
positive process.
c. the positive stimulus of one’s first attempts at smoking arouses a corresponding
negative process.
d. no negative consequences are experienced.
44. Randy has been smoking for 20 years and enjoys the smell of cigarette smoke. For
Randy, the smell of a burning cigarette would be
a. a negative reinforcer.
b. a positive reinforcer.
c. a noxious stimulus.
d. an unconditioned stimulus.
45. Some people smoke because smoking is negatively reinforcing for them. An example of a
negative reinforcer would be
a. a reduction in tension.
b. feelings of relaxation.
c. satisfaction of manual needs.
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46. In general, people smoke
a. in order to relax.
b. for a variety of reasons.
c. to satisfy oral needs.
d. to satisfy a need to use their hands.
47. A smoker exhibiting optimistic bias would
a. cut down on the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
b. believe that she is as likely to get lung cancer as other people.
c. believe that other smokers may get lung cancer, but she will not.
d. believe that smoking has positive health consequences.
48. People who smoke
a. believe that smoking has few negative health consequences.
b. believe that smoking has few negative health consequences when compared to
drinking.
c. believe that smoking is dangerous, much as do people who do not smoke.
d. have less consistent attitudes toward smoking than adolescent smokers.
49. Which of these smokers exhibits an optimistic bias?
a. Jim overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that he has a very high
chance of developing a smoking-related disease before age 60.
b. Loraine believes that smoking is not really dangerous and so she has about the
same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
c. Robbie overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that she has about the
same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
d. Joe understands the danger of smoking but believes that his risk of a smoking-
related disease is less than that of other smokers.
50. With regard to smokers and fear of weight gain, research suggests that
a. older female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
b. European American women are more acceptant of weight gain than African
American women.
c. young female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
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d. young male smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
51. Pat, a smoker who fears that stopping smoking would lead to weight gain, is most likely
a. a woman under 30 years of age.
b. a woman 45 years old or older.
c. a man under 30 years of age.
d. a man 45 years old or older.
52. The trend in smoking rates and the number of lung cancer deaths follow approximately
the same pattern, except that
a. increased smoking rates precede the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 25 to
30 years.
b. increased smoking rates precede the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 2 to 3
years.
c. increased lung cancer rates precede the increase in smoking rates deaths by about
25 to 30 years.
d. increased lung cancer rates precede the increase in smoking rates deaths by about
2 to 3 years.
53. Evidence that smoking causes lung cancer comes from data showing that from 1959 to
1988
a. lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers rose steadily.
b. lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers remained about the same.
c. lung cancer death rates among smokers rose steadily.
d. a combination of b and c.
54. Which of the following diseases is rarely diagnosed among nonsmokers?
a. cardiovascular disease
b. prostate cancer
c. breast cancer
d. chronic lower respiratory disease
55. Which of these is NOT a frequent result of cigarette smoking?
a. periodontal disease
b. poorer balance
c. attractive physical appearance
d. ovarian cysts
56. In general, research on the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (passive
smoking) has found that passive smoking
a. may slightly increase people’s risk for lung cancer.
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b. neither increases nor decreases people’s risk for lung cancer.
c. lowers people’s risk for lung cancer.
d. doubles people’s risk for lung cancer.
57. ________ is the deadliest behavior in the history of the United States.
a. Drunk Driving
b. Cigarette smoking
c. Illegal drug use
d. Homicide
58. ______ is the second leading cause of death in the US but the leading cause of smoking–
related deaths.
a. Cardiovascular disease
b. Cancer
c. Chronic lower respiratory disease
d. Mental illness
59. Men who smoke cigarettes have a _____ relative risk of dying from cancer compared to
nonsmokers.
a. 5.0
b. 15.8
c. 23.3
d. 50.0
60. Men who smoke cigars or pipes have a _____ relative risk of dying from cancer
compared to nonsmokers.
a. 5.0
b. 15.8
c. 23.3
d. 50.0
61. Heavy cigarette smoking decreases life expectancy by ______ years.
a. 2.1
b. 4.7
c. 8.8
d. 15.2
62. Which of the following has the highest death toll from passive smoking?
a. lung cancer
b. breast cancer
c. heart disease
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d. pneumonia
63. Long-time employees of one or more of the “5 B’s” (bars, bowling alleys, bingo parlors,
betting establishments, and billiard halls)
a. have as much as an 18 times greater nicotine concentration than do other workers.
b. have an 11 times greater incidence of lung cancer than do other workers.
c. both a and b.
d. neither a nor b.
64. _________ suffer the most health problems from passive smoking.
a. Children
b. Adolescents
c. Young adults
d. Middle-age adults
65. In general, which group of people suffers more respiratory diseases from exposure to
secondhand smoke?
a. adult men
b. adult women
c. older parents of smoking children
d. young children of smoking parents
66. The use of smokeless tobacco
a. carries about the same risks for lung cancer as does cigarette smoking.
b. carries about the same risks for heart disease as does cigarette smoking.
c. is similar to cigarette smoking in terms of onset, patterns of use, social influences,
and attempts to quit.
d. is similar to cigarette smoking in terms of gender and age of users.
67. In trying to prevent people from smoking, educational programs such as lectures and
government pamphlets
a. are not very effective.
b. generate positive feelings toward smoking.
c. are more effective than inoculation programs.
d. are more effective with college students than with junior high school students.
68. Programs that provide adolescents with information about the risks of smoking
a. deter smoking for older teenagers but not for younger ones.
b. are more successful than programs for smoking cessation.
c. are effective if the messages include graphic images of diseased lungs.
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d. have little effect because adolescents do not listen to health warnings.
69. Most people who successfully quit smoking cigarettes do so
a. on their own.
b. through the use of hypnosis.
c. by switching to cigars or pipes.
d. by joining Smokers Anonymous.
70. A systematic review of nicotine replacement therapy indicated that this approach is
a. more effective than a placebo.
b. less effective than a placebo.
c. about as effective as a placebo.
d. more effective after 4 years than after 3 months.
71. David says that he wants to quit smoking and is considering using nicotine replacement
to help him quit. What is your advice to him?
a. He should not need any help in quitting; just quit.
b. Nicotine replacement therapy is not very effective; save his money.
c. Nicotine replacement therapy can help people stop smoking; give it a try.
d. Try chewing regular gum rather than the nicotine replacement gum.
72. Helen wants to quit smoking and asks you for advice. You should tell her
a. that the best results come from programs that includes practitioner support,
counseling, and nicotine replacement therapy.
b. to continue to smoke but cut down to decrease her risk and so that she won’t gain
weight.
c. to seek a trained hypnotist who can help her through hypnosis.
d. to find a therapist who will use shock therapy.
73. More intensive cessation programs are more expensive; research indicates that
a. the expense is worth it—such programs are more effective.
b. the expense is not worth it—such programs are no more effective than less
expensive ones.
c. nicotine replacement is more effective than programs with many components.
d. relapse was not a problem for those who participated in an intensive program.
74. Smokers who are most likely to quit are
a. women.
b. those who have support from their therapists and their families.
c. those who have been diagnosed with heart disease or cancer.
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d. unmarried and have few social ties.
75. In the US, about ______ of smokers try to quit each year.
a. 20%
b. 44%
c. 64%
d. 90%
76. Quitting smoking on one’s own is possible, and one study found that more than _____ of
smokers trying to quit were successful.
a. 40%
b. 50%
c. 60%
d. 70%
77. Pharmacological approaches have largely been shown to be effective in helping smokers
quit except for
a. female smokers.
b. male smokers.
c. adolescent smokers.
d. elderly smokers.
78. _______ may help smokers move from the precontemplation stage to the contemplation
stage.
a. Pharmacological treatments
b. Motivational interviewing
c. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
d. Information about the dangers of smoking
79. If physicians give _______, then smokers are more likely to attempt to quit.
a. information on the dangers of smoking
b. information on the rates of success in quitting
c. information on how to quit
d. both a and b
80. A systematic view of studies on smoke-free workplaces indicate that this strategy
a. reduces the number of cigarettes workers smoke
b. decreases the prevalence of smoking
c. decreases worker satisfaction
d. both a and b
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81. In comparing who quits smoking to who does not quit smoking, all of the
following are correct EXCEPT:
a. men quit smoking more than women
b. young people quit smoking more than old people
c. highly educated people quit smoking more than lower educated people
d. all of the above are correct.
82. As many as two thirds of individuals who try to quit smoking on their own relapse after
_______.
a. two days
b. one week
c. three months
d. six months
83. As many as 75% of individuals who try to quit smoking are smoking again within
________.
a. two days
b. one week
c. three months
d. six months
84. Some ex-smokers “slip” and have one cigarette. Then, they equate this slip with a full
relapse and resume smoking at their former rate. This phenomenon is called the
a. false relapse effect.
b. curious overload effect.
c. abstinence violation effect.
d. Hawthorne effect.
85. Many smokers worry about weight gain if they quit smoking. Research suggests that
a. men are more concerned about weight gain than are women.
b. weight gain is a myth.
c. the average weight gain is modest.
d. the average weight gain is substantial, averaging more than 40 pounds.
86. Jill, a 22-year-old college senior, wants to quit smoking, but she is worried that she will
gain weight. What would you advise her to do?
a. Keep smoking but reduce her level to about one-half.
b. Adopt a low carbohydrate diet and then quit smoking.
c. Quit smoking but begin a regular exercise program.
d. Continue smoking because obesity is more dangerous than smoking.
87. Terrell has been a light smoker for 20 years. If he quits smoking, his mortality risk will
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a. return to that of a nonsmoker in about two years.
b. return to that of a nonsmoker in about 16 years.
c. continue to match that of a moderate to heavy smoker.
d. become greater than that of a moderate to heavy smoker.
88. Long-time smokers who quit
a. reduce their chances of dying of heart disease much more quickly than they lower
their risk of death from lung cancer.
b. reduce their chances of dying of lung cancer much more quickly than they lower
their risk of death from heart disease.
c. reduce their risk of both lung cancer and heart disease at about the same rate.
d. increase their risk of heart disease but decrease their risk of dying of lung cancer.
89. In general, which lifestyle change would result in a longer extension of life?
a. eating a diet of no more than 10% of calories from saturated fat
b. quitting smoking
c. quitting drinking alcohol
d. beginning an exercise program
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True/False Questions
1. The addictive ingredient in tobacco smoke is nicotine.
2. Currently, about 33% of the adult population of the United States smokes.
3. College graduates are somewhat more likely to smoke than high school dropouts.
4. Cigarettes were often given away for free to soldiers during World War II.
5. Most young people who begin smoking have very little knowledge of the dangers of
smoking.
6. There are more current female smokers than current male smokers.
7. Genes have been identified that affect smoking behavior, mostly through the effect of genes
on neurotransmitters in the brain.
8. Anti-smoking media campaigns are effective but pro-smoking media campaigns are more
effective.
9. Most young people who begin smoking believe that they will eventually quit.
10. A middle-age woman who is 15 pounds over her desired weight (according to a measure
of body mass index) has a lower risk of heart disease than a middle-aged woman who smokes
two packs of cigarettes a day but is at her ideal weight.
11. Most teenage smokers recognize the dangers of smoking but attribute those dangers to others
and not to themselves, a belief called an optimistic bias.
12. Adolescents who use smokeless tobacco are not likely to begin smoking cigarettes.
13. Simply informing people of the risks of smoking can normally get most people to quit
smoking.
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14. Women have an easier time quitting smoking than men.
Essay Questions
1. How have U.S. smoking rates changed since 1964? Has this change been the same for all
age and ethnic groups?
2. Evaluate the statement, “Social pressure is the main reason why people start smoking.”
3. Do the reasons that people start smoking differ from the reasons that people continue to
smoke?
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4. Evaluate the dangers of passive smoking.
5. Discuss methods of deterring teenagers from starting to smoke, highlighting the less and
more successful strategies.
6. Compare the success of people using behavioral versus pharmacological methods of
quitting smoking and point out successful techniques.
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7. Do people who quit smoking gain sufficient weight to pose health hazards? Would they be
healthier if they continued to smoke and stayed thinner?