Chapter 12 – Genes and Cancer
True / False
1. There are no direct-to-consumer genetic tests available that screen for breast cancer susceptibility.
a.
True
b.
False
False
12-1 Decisions About Cancer Testing
2. About one in three people will be diagnosed with cancer at some time in his/her life.
a.
True
b.
False
True
12-2 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease
significance.
3. Cancer causing mutations are always the result of chromosomal rearrangements.
a.
True
b.
False
False
12-2 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease
4. The mutant BRCA1 gene imparts a dominantly inherited predisposition to breast cancer.
a.
True
b.
False
True
12-7 Mutant Cancer Alleles Impair DNA Repair Systems and Genome Stability
5. Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) requires only one mutational step to initiate the formation of a cancer
cell.
a.
True
b.
False
False
12-8 Colon Cancer Is a Model for the Development of Cancer
6. The ras proto-oncogene family is a group of related genes that slow or stop the progression of cancer.
a.
True
b.
False
False
12-6 Two Classes of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Genes Are Involved in Cancer
7. Radiation and chemotherapy are the best treatments for cancer because they are very specific and destroy only
cancerous cells.
a.
True
b.
False
False
12–10 Genomics, Epigenetics, and Cancer
8. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate to form specific cell types, which divide only slowly or not at all.
a.
True
b.
False
True
12–10 Genomics, Epigenetics, and Cancer
9. Viral infection is a major cause of cancer.
a.
True
b.
False
True
12–11 Cancer and the Environment
10. Most of the somatic cells in the body are structurally and functionally specialized and do not divide.
a.
True
b.
False
True
12-5 Cancer-Causing Mutations Disrupt Cell-Cycle Regulation
experiment.
Chapter 12 – Genes and Cancer
Multiple Choice
11. The translocation seen in the Philadelphia chromosome in myelogenous leukemia represents ____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
d
Bloom’s: Understand
12-9 Hybrid Genes and Cancer
how specific chromosomal abnormalities lead to certain forms of cancer.
12. Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancers (HNPCC) ____.
a.
are rare in the United States, but common in Europe
b.
begin with a mutation in the APC gene
c.
are caused by one–of-a-kind DNA sequences called microsatellites
d.
are caused by one mutation in a single gene
e.
are caused by several mutations in several different genes
Bloom’s: Understand
12-8 Colon Cancer Is a Model for the Development of Cancer
along two distinct pathways.
13. Cancer-causing mutations of the cell cycle ____.
a.
increase the speed of the cycle
b.
cause the cell to bypass checkpoints in the cycle
c.
eliminate one or more stages of the cycle
d.
interfere with S phase of the cycle
e.
stop the cycle and cause a build-up of cell toxins
b
Bloom’s: Understand
12-5 Cancer-Causing Mutations Disrupt Cell-Cycle Regulation
14. According to the American Cancer Society, 30% of all cancer deaths in the U.S. are due to ____.
a.
ultraviolet light exposure
b.
automobile exhaust
c.
industrial pollutants
Chapter 12 – Genes and Cancer
d.
pesticide and herbicide exposure
e.
smoking
e
Bloom’s: Remember
12–11 Cancer and the Environment
and incidence of cancer.
15. A characteristic of all cancers is that ____.
a.
the cells divide continuously
b.
they have a benign form and a deadly form
c.
several mutations in several different genes are required in order for cancer to develop
d.
they are always due to a chromosome disjunction mutation
e.
the rapid proliferation of cells is required
a
Bloom’s: Understand
12-3 Cancer Begins in a Single Cell
HUHE.CUMM.16.12-3-1 – Summarize the four characteristics of cancer.
16. Stem cells ____.
a.
have the property of self-renewal by division
b.
are the least likely to give rise to cancer
c.
do not have the ability to divide
d.
are immature cells that become nerve tissue susceptible to cancer
e.
are found only in cancerous tumors
a
Bloom’s: Understand
12–10 Genomics, Epigenetics, and Cancer
treatment of cancer, and illustrate advances in alternative cancer therapies
17. About ____ of all cancer cases have a hereditary component.
a.
1% to 3%
b.
5% to 10%
c.
10% to 15%
d.
15% to 20%
e.
25% to 35%
b
Bloom’s: Understand
12-1 Decisions About Cancer Testing
about preventative cancer treatments even before a diagnosis.
18. Many specialized cells, such as white blood cells, ____.
a.
remain in G0 until stimulated by external signals to reenter the cell cycle and divide
Chapter 12 – Genes and Cancer
b.
remain in S until hormonal signals cause the cell to reenter the cell cycle and divide
c.
divide continuously and never transition to G0
d.
mutate into other cell types by signals from bone marrow cells
e.
skip anaphase in order to avoid the high likelihood of mutation during this phase of mitosis
Bloom’s: Understand
12-5 Cancer-Causing Mutations Disrupt Cell-Cycle Regulation
relative to the development of cancerous cells.
19. During the M checkpoint, the cell ____.
a.
proceeds to interphase and completes DNA replication
b.
proceeds to G2 phase and the cell prepares to divide
c.
proceeds to S phase or enters inactive G0 state
d.
monitors attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes
e.
monitors completion of DNA synthesis and DNA damage
d
Bloom’s: Understand
12-5 Cancer-Causing Mutations Disrupt Cell-Cycle Regulation
relative to the development of cancerous cells.
20. A proto-oncogene ____.
a.
always becomes cancerous
b.
causes cancer
c.
encodes tumor-suppressing proteins
d.
repairs DNA
e.
regulates cell division
Bloom’s: Understand
12-6 Two Classes of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Genes Are Involved in Cancer
describe their mode of action.
21. In rapidly dividing cells, expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is the highest during the ____.
a.
mitosis to cytokinesis transition
b.
G1/S transition and into S phase
c.
G2/mitosis transition
d.
S/G2 transition
e.
metaphase to anaphase transition
b
Bloom’s: Understand
12-7 Mutant Cancer Alleles Impair DNA Repair Systems and Genome Stability
22. During metabolism, cancer-causing ____ are generated.
a.
BRCA1 genes
b.
methyl amines
c.
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
d.
BCR-ABL proteins
e.
mutated tRNA fragments
Bloom’s: Understand
12–11 Cancer and the Environment
and incidence of cancer.
23. If a cell begins to divide in an uncontrolled way, it ____.
a.
will always form a cancerous tumor
b.
may form a benign tumor
c.
is a sign of metastasis
d.
is considered a malignant tumor
e.
signals uncontrolled cell division in other parts of the body
b
Bloom’s: Understand
12-2 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease
24. In most cases, cancer-causing mutations ____.
a.
accumulate over a number of years
b.
accumulate very quickly within a single cell
c.
metastasize within a short time
d.
must all occur on the q arm of a chromosome
e.
occur during the G0 phase of the cell cycle
Bloom’s: Understand
12-4 Cancer Develops in Several Steps
the concept of loss of heterozygosity.
25. The RB1 tumor-suppressor gene ____.
a.
controls the G2/M checkpoint
b.
controls the G1/S checkpoint
c.
is overactive in cases of retinoblastoma
d.
is overactive in cases of breast cancer
e.
is overactive in cases of leukemia
b
repair systems and genomic stability.
26. Common alleles of genes other than BRCA1 ____.
a.
dictate the types of mutations that occur in BRCA2
b.
cause uncontrolled division of the BRCA2 gene
c.
cause the interruption of the cell cycle in any cell containing a BRCA2 mutation
d.
have a strong influence on whether a carrier will develop breast cancer
e.
have very little influence on whether a carrier will develop breast cancer
d
Bloom’s: Understand
12-7 Mutant Cancer Alleles Impair DNA Repair Systems and Genome Stability
HUHE.CUMM.16.12-7-2 – Summarize the cancer risk for individuals who carry the mutant
27. All epithelial cells in the inner lining of the large intestine that are heterozygous for an APC mutation ____.
a.
are able to control cell division with the second copy of the APC gene
b.
become cancerous
c.
require additional mutations in downstream genes to become cancerous
d.
cause the transition from polyps into colon cancer
e.
can partially escape control of the cell cycle and lead to the formation of clusters of polyps
Bloom’s: Understand
12-8 Colon Cancer Is a Model for the Development of Cancer
HUHE.CUMM.16.12-8-2 – Describe how inherited predispositions lead to colon cancer
along two distinct pathways.
28. With the sequence of the gene-coding regions of the human genome in hand and the development of newer
sequencing methods, scientists ____.
a.
now know that the types of mutations present in all cancers are very similar
b.
can now sequence and analyze the protein-coding genes in cancer cells
c.
are still unable to systematically identify all the mutations present in a cancer cell
d.
found that the number of mutational events that occur during the transition from normal to malignant cells is
much smaller than previously thought
e.
found that most tumors had at least 100 mutations in common with any other tumor, emphasizing the common
origin of cancer
b
Bloom’s: Understand
12–10 Genomics, Epigenetics, and Cancer
genomes, and the goals of The Cancer Genome Atlas.
29. Epigenetics is the study of heritable alterations in gene expression caused by ____.
a.
mechanisms that do not alter any DNA sequence
Bloom’s: Understand
12-6 Two Classes of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Genes Are Involved in Cancer
lead to several types of cancer, including retinoblastoma.
Chapter 12 – Genes and Cancer
b.
the mutation of a single gene
c.
translocations between alleles
d.
environmental factors
e.
replication and then improper repair of DNA coding mistakes
Bloom’s: Understand
12–10 Genomics, Epigenetics, and Cancer
30. The field of epigenetics has opened the way for the development of a new class of anticancer drugs ____.
a.
that are very similar to many chemotherapy treatments but are much more targeted and effective
b.
that stop mutations before they occur in individuals with a predisposition to certain kinds of cancer
c.
that increase the level of methylation in cancer cells
d.
used specifically to treat breast cancer because the key genes involved in this cancer cannot be epigenetically
modified
e.
because of the discovery that epigenetic modification of key genes is important in some cancers and the fact
that epigenetic changes are reversible
Bloom’s: Understand
12–10 Genomics, Epigenetics, and Cancer
treatment of cancer, and illustrate advances in alternative cancer therapies
Completion
31. One of the properties of cancer is its ability to spread, or ____________________, to other sites in the body.
Bloom’s: Understand
12-2 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease
HUHE.CUMM.16.12-2-1 – List the two properties of cancer and summarize their
32. Genes that turn off or decrease the rate of cell division are known as ____________________ genes.
Bloom’s: Understand
12-6 Two Classes of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Genes Are Involved in Cancer
HUHE.CUMM.16.12-6-1 – Identify the two classes of cell-cycle regulatory genes and
describe their mode of action.
33. Formation of ____________________ is an intermediate stage in the development of colon cancer.
Bloom’s: Understand
12-8 Colon Cancer Is a Model for the Development of Cancer
HUHE.CUMM.16.12-8-2 – Describe how inherited predispositions lead to colon cancer
along two distinct pathways.
34. A cellular molecular pathway by which an external signal is converted into a functional response is called
____________________.
35. When MSH2 and MLH1 are inactivated by mutation, DNA repair is defective and ____________________ mutation
rates increase by at least 100-fold.
36. A(n) ____________________ between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia results
in a Philadelphia chromosome.
37. Abnormal epigenetic patterns of DNA ____________________ are associated with many types of cancer, and the
removal of ____________________ groups can activate genes involved with cell growth and can increase genomic
instability.
38. Drug therapies that target only cancer cells rather than all dividing cells in the body stop the growth of cancer by
blocking the action of ____________________ proteins on the growth and division on malignant cells.
39. The five-year survival rate of ____________________ cancer is only 13%.
40. In the atmosphere, ____________________depletion in certain regions of the globe contributes to increased levels of
UV radiation exposure, which in turn is associated with increases in skin cancer frequency.
41. An autosomal dominant trait called familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) results in the development of polyps and
benign growths in the colon and is coupled with ____________________ instability.
42. Progressive chromosomal changes as cancer develops are related to the loss of the ability to repair
____________________ in cancer cells.
43. BRCA2 maps to the long arm of chromosome 13 and may be responsible for the majority of inherited predispositions
for breast cancer not caused by ____________________.
44. Leukemia is a type of cancer that involves the uncontrolled division of ____________________ cells.
45. A reciprocal translocation between two chromosomes can result in the formation of a(n) ____________________
gene.
46. One of the steps in converting normal cells into cancerous cells may be the ____________________ and silencing of
both copies of the NOEY2 gene.
47. Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes are called ____________________.
48. The cancer drugs Gleevec and Herceptin bind to receptor ____________________ and stop the growth of cancer cells.
49. All the cells in a cancerous tumor are ____________________ directly descended from one cell.
50. In some families, members inherit a mutant allele that causes a(n) ____________________ to cancer.
Essay
51. In the familial form of retinoblastoma, individuals who inherit one mutant allele of the RB1 gene have an 85% chance
of developing retinoblastoma and other cancers. Explain why, when these individuals carry only one copy of the mutant
gene, there is such a high incidence of cancer in these RB1 heterozygotes.
52. List three properties that all forms of cancers share and summarize the origin of these properties.
53. List four lines of evidence that support a link between cancer and genetics. Describe the ultimate cause of cancer and
how an individual’s life-style might reduce the chances of developing cancer.
54. Explain how the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) leads a cell to become cancerous.
55. Explain why epithelial cells are the source of 80% to 90% of all cancers. Then list at least two types of epithelial cells,
and at least four types of cancer for which they are the source.
56. Give a possible interpretation of the finding that the number of mutational events that occur during the transition from
normal to malignant cells is much larger than previously thought.
57. Outline the two parts of the eukaryotic cell cycle and describe the three main checkpoints in cell cycle regulation.
58. Summarize two pathways to colon cancer.
59. Outline the four characteristics of cancer.
60. Outline the three criteria recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) for when cancer tests
should be done.