True / False
1. Community corrections recognizes that factors within the community that encourage criminal behavior can never be
changed.
a. True
b. False
2. States are prohibited from using probation for more serious offenses such as robbery or assault.
a. True
b. False
3. Probation works best when the judge and the supervising officer have close contact.
a. True
b. False
4. One problem for probation officers is their heavy caseload.
a. True
b. False
5. By law, the revocation of probation cannot result in incarceration.
a. True
b. False
6. A study of probation in the 1990s found that the majority of probationers have no direct contact with their probation
officer.
a. True
b. False
7. When a probationer is taken into custody for violating the conditions of probation, a preliminary hearing must be held
to determine probable cause.
a. True
b. False
8. All intermediate sanctions are administered primarily by the judiciary.
a. True
b. False
9. Assets seized through forfeiture are usually insubstantial.
a. True
b. False
10. Fines must be used in conjunction with some other form of punishment because merely paying a fine is not considered
a punishment under the Constitution.
a. True
b. False
11. Fines are considered unfair because they exact a heavier economic toll on the poor than the wealthy.
a. True
b. False
12. All crime victims can expect to receive full restitution from the offenders who harmed them.
a. True
b. False
13. Restitution orders are determined by prison wardens rather than by judges.
a. True
b. False
14. Assets gained from forfeiture are often used to increase law enforcement agencies’ budgets.
a. True
b. False
15. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that home confinement violates the right to privacy.
a. True
b. False
16. Some offenders serving home confinement are allowed to go to work or school.
a. True
b. False
17. Passive electronic monitoring systems send constant streams of information to the receiver.
a. True
b. False
18. Offenders serving community service receive small amounts of pay for their work.
a. True
b. False
19. A day reporting sentence requires the offender to spend one night a week at the given facility.
a. True
b. False
20. When given the choice, many offenders choose prison over intensive supervision probation.
a. True
b. False
21. Boot camp programs often provide aftercare to help offenders transition back into the community.
a. True
b. False
22. Community corrections must have public support to be successful.
a. True
b. False
23. ISP stands for “Integrative Studies in Parole.”
a. True
b. False
24. RICO and CCE changed the laws regarding restitution in the 1970s.
a. True
b. False
25. Probation is a relatively low cost correctional alternative.
a. True
b. False
26. Probation and intermediate sanctions are sentences imposed for lesser offenses in an effort to avoid the expense and
consequences of imprisonment.
a. True
b. False
27. Rates of recidivism, or returning to crime, for those under community supervision are no higher than for those who go
to prison.
a. True
b. False
28. During the past decade, probation officials have developed methods of classifying clients according to their service
needs, the element of risk they pose to the community, and the chance that they will commit another offense.
a. True
b. False
Multiple Choice
29. Which of the following statements regarding community corrections is TRUE?
a. In general offenders assigned to community corrections have committed less serious offenses.
b. Community supervision is more expensive than incarceration.
c. The rates of recidivism for those under community supervision are higher than those who go to prison.
d. Community supervision is more destructive to the offender than going to prison.
e. Community corrections does not build ties between the offender and his or her family.
30. Probation and intermediate sanctions are sentences imposed for lesser offenses in an effort to avoid the expense and
consequences of:
a. court.
b. bail.
c. imprisonment.
d. probation.
e. parole.
31. The philosophy of community corrections assumes that:
a. only the offender needs to change.
b. only the community needs to change.
c. both the offender and the community need to adapt.
d. the offender and the community do not need to adapt.
e. the offender cannot change, but can be prevented from further wrongdoing through the close supervision of the
community.
32. Although probationers live at home and have regular jobs, they must also:
a. submit to drug test.
b. report to their probation officer.
c. obey curfews.
d. stay away from certain parts of town.
e. all of these.
33. Which of the following statements about home confinement is FALSE?
a. Home confinement is problematic because crimes can be committed from the home.
b. Electronic monitoring in home confinement is more expensive than imprisonment.
c. Home confinement raises the issue of the right to privacy because governmental corrections supervision has
invaded a private home.
d. Electronic monitoring in home confinement may be rendered more difficult by technical problems with the
equipment.
e. Home confinement allows offenders to work while serving punishment.
34. The principle goal of community corrections is to:
a. punish the offender as severely as possible.
b. teach the offender to resist temptation by increasing the offender’s contact with the criminal world.
c. punish the offender with the least restrictive alternative.
d. humanize the offender in the eyes of the community.
e. attend to the needs of the community rather than those of the offender.
35. Probation is defined as:
a. a period of forced home confinement.
b. monitored release from prison.
c. a short jail sentence.
d. supervised release under specified conditions.
e. supervised release mandated by the probation board.
36. Fines are a preferred way of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes in
what continent?
a. Europe
b. North America
c. Africa
d. South America
e. Asia
37. Which of the following would NOT be a condition of probation?
a. drug testing
b. obeying curfew
c. maintaining good relations with your family
d. staying away from certain people
e. maintaining employment
38. Probation was first developed in the United States by which boot maker?
a. Caesare Lombroso
b. Jeremy Bentham
c. James Q. Wilson
d. Travis Hirchi
e. John Augustus
39. The current orientation of probation is best described as:
a. risk management.
b. retribution.
c. incapacitation.
d. moral leadership.
e. therapeutic counseling.
40. As a form of corrections, probation falls under the administration of the:
a. judicial branch.
b. bureaucratic branch.
c. executive branch.
d. legislative branch.
e. administrative branch.
41. A continuing issue for probation officers is the:
a. size of their caseloads.
b. requirement to work with dangerous offenders.
c. increase in the amount of paperwork which needs to be done.
d. continued frustration over conducting drug testing.
e. lack of career satisfaction and advancement.
42. The probationer’s failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation results in a:
a. petty violation.
b. technical violation.
c. major violation.
d. male in se violation.
e. motion violation.
43. Which of the following statements about a combined probation revocation and sentencing hearing is TRUE?
a. The probationer is not permitted to attend.
b. The probationer is being tried on new criminal charges.
c. The probationer is subject to a “three strikes” life sentence.
d. The probationer is entitled to be represented by counsel.
e. All of the statements given are true.
44. What percentage of offenders are sentenced to probation after being found guilty of a felony?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
e. 60
45. The 2009 Pew Center report recommends which of the following to save money and reduce crime within community
corrections?
a. Sort offenders by risk to public safety to determine appropriate levels of supervision.
b. Base intervention programs on sound research about what works to reduce recidivism.
c. Harness advances in supervision technology.
d. Impose swift and certain sanctions.
e. All of these.
46. Most people on probation:
a. eventually end up in prison.
b. are very likely to commit a second offense.
c. do not become career criminals.
d. cannot obtain jobs after their sentence.
e. have committed felony offenses.
47. What is the most likely punishment for a traffic violation?
a. incarceration
b. restitution
c. fines
d. forfeiture
e. probation
48. Which of the following statements about the use of fines is TRUE?
a. The collection of fines is a high priority of the court’s staff.
b. Fines are used more frequently in Europe than in the United States.
c. Only the United States uses fines as punishment.
d. Fines in the United States are always based upon the offender’s income.
e. If offenders do not pay their fines immediately at the sentencing hearing, they are sent to jail until they pay.
49. Repayment by an offender to compensate a victim for their financial loss is known as:
a. shock probation.
b. home arrest.
c. recidivism.
d. restitution.
e. day fine.
50. In the two-stage process of determining a day fine, a judge will typically consider:
a. the type of offense and income of the offender.
b. the age and the income of offender.
c. the gender of the offender and the type of offense.
d. the age and gender of the offender.
e. the education and the income of the offender.
51. Funds raised from forfeitures go to:
a. the state correctional budget.
b. the police agency that made the arrest.
c. the prosecutor’s office who wins the case.
d. the offender’s defense attorney.
e. state funding for higher education.
52. A type of sanction that has increased substantially in the last 30 years, which involves the governmental seizure of
property and other assets derived from criminal activity, is known as:
a. community service.
b. home.
c. jail.
d. forfeiture.
e. boot camp.
53. Which of the following statements concerning intermediate sanctions is TRUE?
a. Judges use intermediate sanctions that only require a low level of control over the offender.
b. Judges use intermediate sanctions that only require a high level of control over the offender.
c. Judges use intermediate sanctions that require no control over the offender.
d. Judges use a range of intermediate sanctions requiring a low level to high level of control over the offenders.
e. Intermediate sanctions are not used by judges.
54. Which intermediate punishment imposes the lowest level of control upon an offender?
a. community service
b. home confinement
c. jail
d. boot camp
e. intensive supervision probation
55. How many different types of basic electronic monitoring devices are currently available?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
e. 10
56. Which of the following functions is likely to be assigned as a community service?
a. helping at the local food bank
b. volunteering for a civic organization
c. wearing an electronic monitoring device
d. cleaning parks and roadsides
e. assisting shut-ins
57. A type of sentence that requires the offender to remain inside an approved, designated location during specified
periods is called:
a. home confinement.
b. fines.
c. community service.
d. day reporting.
e. intensive supervision probation.
58. A drug treatment program in which offenders must visit for daily drug testing would be classified as:
a. intensive supervision probation.
b. a halfway house.
c. home confinement.
d. community service.
e. a day reporting center.
59. A type of probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is called
a(n):
a. intensive supervision probation.
b. halfway house.
c. home confinement.
d. community service.
e. day reporting center.
60. A type of diversion that selects low-risk offenders already sentenced to prison and provides supervision for them in
the community is called a(n):
a. probation diversion.
b. institutional diversion.
c. incarceration diversion.
d. specialty diversion.
e. lifestyle diversion.
61. Which of the following is a type of ISP?
a. home confinement
b. day reporting center
c. shock incarceration
d. fines
e. community service
62. Which of the following is another name for boot camp?
a. shock incarceration
b. military indoctrination
c. part-time incarceration
d. inside/outside programming
e. halfway house
63. The purpose of boot camps is to shock young offenders out of their ways and build:
a. life skills.
b. diplomas.
c. self-esteem.
d. wrap sheet.
e. none of these.
64. Net widening occurs when the criminal justice system:
a. increases its control over a greater number of individuals.
b. decreases its control over a lesser number of individuals.
c. releases more individuals without punishment.
d. releases inmates from prison.
e. increases length of incarceration for inmates.
65. Sometimes the people who run intermediate sanctions only want to select offenders with the best chance of success.
Why would they want to do this?
a. to ensure future funding
b. to have high rates of recidivism
c. to make sure the most serious offenders are included in their program
d. to avoid problems related to selection bias
e. to avoid problems related to “creaming”
66. Which of the following statements concerning community corrections is TRUE?
a. Community corrections receive considerable public support.
b. Community corrections suffer from the public impression that they are “soft on crime.”
c. Localities have a surplus of resources for community corrections.
d. The use of community corrections is declining.
e. Community corrections always reduces recidivism.
67. Why is there less funding for community corrections as compared to more traditional correctional options?
a. The public views community corrections as “soft on crime.”
b. The public is generally not supportive of community corrections.
c. Communities are supportive of correctional facilities in their neighborhood.
d. Both because the public is not supportive and views community corrections as “soft on crime.”
e. All of the above.
68. As an approach to punishment, community corrections suffers from the public image of being:
a. hard on crime.
b. soft on crime.
c. increasing crime.
d. decreasing crime.
e. none of these.