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Chapter 12—Cancer and the Cell Cycle
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells?
a.
They have a single small nucleus.
b.
They have a small amount of cytoplasm.
c.
They have multiple nuclei.
d.
They have a coarse chromatin.
e.
They have large and multiple nucleoli.
2. Cancer is all of the following EXCEPT
a.
a simple disease.
b.
capable of affecting different cells and tissues.
c.
characterized by uncontrolled cell division.
d.
capable of metastasizing.
e.
characterized by viable changes in cell characteristics.
3. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called
a.
benign movement.
b.
carcinogenic.
c.
tumor suppression.
d.
malignant movement.
e.
metastasis.
4. ____ tumors have cells that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
a.
Benign
b.
Malignant
c.
Carcinogenic
d.
Oncogenic
e.
Transduction
5. Which of the following describes differences between normal cells and cancer cells?
a.
Normal cells have a large amount of cytoplasm, while cancer cells have a small amount of
cytoplasm.
b.
Normal cells have multiple nuclei, while cancer cells have a single nucleus.
c.
Normal cells have coarse chromatin, while cancer cells have fine chromatin.
d.
Normal cells have multiple nucleoli, while cancer cells have a single nucleolus.
e.
Cancer cells exhibit controlled cell division, while normal cells exhibit uncontrolled cell
division.
6. The development of cancer has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT
a.
mutations.
b.
exposure to carcinogens.
c.
diet.
d.
smoking cigarettes.
e.
use of drugs.
7. All of the following are characteristics of benign tumors EXCEPT they
a.
do not increase in size.
b.
do not spread.
c.
can sometimes be present as cysts.
d.
cause problems only when they become large enough to interfere with the normal
functioning of neighboring organs.
e.
are considered noncancerous.
8. Which of the following statements about growth characteristics of cancer is FALSE?
a.
Cells reproduce by mitosis.
b.
Cells divide continuously.
c.
Cells can be invasive.
d.
Cells have the ability to form lumps.
e.
Tumors begin in multiple cells at the same time.
9. What is the mutated form of a proto-oncogene called?
a.
A tumor suppressor gene.
b.
A BRCA1 gene.
c.
A carcinogenic gene.
d.
A proto-suppressor gene.
e.
An oncogene.
10. Cancer is
a.
a single disease that only affects a few different cell types.
b.
characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
c.
always caused by a viral infection.
d.
always caused by a bacterial infection.
e.
All of these describe cancer.
11. What is the normal function of a tumor suppressor gene?
a.
It helps cells maintain the cytoplasm
b.
It prevents protein assembly
c.
It suppresses mutational events
d.
It activates cellular division
e.
It halts cellular division
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12. What is the normal function of a proto-oncogene?
a.
It suppresses mutational events
b.
It fights off parasitic infection
c.
It prevents protein assembly
d.
It turns on cellular division
e.
It turns off cellular division
13. Which virus has been linked to cervical cancer?
a.
human papillomavirus
b.
HIV
c.
Herpes Simplex Virus
d.
measles
e.
influenza
14. ____ is the time between mitotic cell divisions.
a.
Metaphase
b.
Interphase
c.
Mitosis
d.
Cytokinesis
e.
G2
15. Cytokinesis refers to
a.
replication of the chromosomes.
b.
distribution of the chromosomes.
c.
division of the cytoplasm.
d.
the first phase of mitosis.
e.
S phase of interphase.
16. Which of the following statements describes characteristics of cancerous cells?
a.
Cancerous cells respond to normal checkpoints.
b.
All cancer cells are the result of a bacterial infection.
c.
Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth.
d.
All cancer cells have the ability to metastasize.
e.
All of these are true about cancerous cells.
17. The genetic material of cells is duplicated during which stage of the cell cycle?
a.
S
b.
G1
c.
Cytokinesis
d.
Mitosis
e.
G2
18. During cell division, cytokinesis occurs after which phase of mitosis?
a.
prophase
b.
metaphase
c.
anaphase
d.
telophase
e.
interphase
19. The cell cycle checkpoints
a.
are regulated by oncogenes.
b.
act as barriers to cell division of cancerous cells.
c.
are bypassed by normal cells.
d.
prevent normal cells from dividing.
e.
keep cells with damaged DNA from dividing.
20. Proteins encoded by the ____ genes turn off or decrease the rate of cell division.
a.
tumor suppressor
b.
oncogenes
c.
proto-oncogenes
d.
DNA repair
e.
DNA replication genes
21. The two major checkpoints in the cell cycle are the
a.
prophase and metaphase checkpoints.
b.
G2/M and interphase/M checkpoints.
c.
G2/M and prophase checkpoints.
d.
G1/S and metaphase checkpoints.
e.
G1/S and G2/M checkpoints.
22. What are the different types of external signals that can activate a cell’s signal transduction pathway?
a.
nerve stimulation
b.
hormones
c.
pollutants
d.
steroids
e.
All of these can act as external signals.
23. Signal transduction begins with
a.
a series of protein molecules interacting within a cell.
b.
changes in gene expression.
c.
direct movement of the signal into the nucleus.
d.
binding of a signal to a receptor on the cell surface.
e.
release of a signal from a cell surface receptor.
24. How does a mutation in the RAS gene lead to uncontrolled cellular division?
a.
The RAS protein can no longer act as a tumor suppressor.
b.
The RAS protein becomes stuck in the “on” position.
c.
The RAS protein gets stuck in the plasma membrane.
d.
The RAS protein becomes stuck in the “off” position.
e.
The RAS protein can no longer act to repair DNA damage.
25. In which of these cancers have RAS mutations been implicated?
a.
colon cancer
b.
cancer of the oral cavity
c.
lung cancer
d.
breast cancer
e.
skin cancer
26. Smoking cigarettes has been related to cancer of the
a.
oral cavity.
b.
cervix.
c.
breasts.
d.
stomach.
e.
colon.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Some cancers appear to run in families.
2. Normal cell division is controlled by oncogenes.
3. When tumor suppressor genes are mutated, cancers can form.
4. Smoking cigarettes has been linked to only one type of cancer.
5. Chromosomal translocations can lead to some forms of leukemia and myeloma.
6. Lightly pigmented people are at lower risk of skin cancer that heavily pigmented individuals.
7. A person’s genetics can affect the susceptibility of individuals to environmental agents.
8. Increased exposure to UV radiation is usually associated with decreased incidence of skin cancer.
9. Although an estimated one million new cases of skin cancer are reported in the U.S. in a year, very
few of them are related to tanning lamps.
10. Because males have much less breast tissue than females, males do not get breast cancer.
MATCHING
Match the associated terms. You may use a choice more than once.
a.
Translocation
b.
Breast cancer
c.
Oncogene
d.
Skin cancer
e.
Tumor suppressor gene
f.
Cervical cancer
g.
Lung cancer
1. BRCA1 and BRCA2
2. Melanoma
3. Familial adenomatous polyposis
4. Philadelphia chromosome
5. mutated RAS gene
6. Ozone depletion
7. Wilms tumor
8. Tamoxifen
9. UV radiation
10. Human papillomavirus
11. Smoking cigarettes
12. Gardasil
ESSAY
1. Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
2. Why are women more likely to develop breast cancer than men? What is the implication of this in
terms of diagnosis of the disease in men? What are some risk factors for breast cancer in men?
3. Smoking is a leading cause of cancer, but is still legally allowed. What are the current legal and ethical
issues surrounding the legality of selling tobacco products?
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is cancer? Why is it considered a complex disease?
2. Explain why most, if not all, cancers are multifactorial. What does this mean to a woman who inherits
both mutant BRCA genes? One mutant BRCA gene? No mutant BRCA genes?