Chemistry for Changing Times, 14e (Hill/McCreary)
Chapter 12 Chemistry of the Earth
12.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The three major structural parts of the earth are
A) core, mantle and crust.
B) lithosphere, atmosphere and crust.
C) mantle, crust and atmosphere.
D) lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
2) Which of the following are part of the earth’s crust?
A) core, mantle and atmosphere
B) lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
C) mantle, stratosphere and ionosphere
D) hydrosphere, geosphere and core
3) The second most abundant element in the earth’s crust is
A) iron.
B) aluminum.
C) magnesium.
D) silicon.
4) In terms of composition, nine elements compose approximately what percentage of the earth’s crust?
A) ≈ 50%
B) ≈ 75%
C) ≈ 90%
D) > 96%
5) The lithosphere is the ________ part of the earth’s crust.
A) gaseous
B) liquid
C) solid
D) water
6) The most abundant element in the earth’s crust is
A) silicon.
B) iron.
C) oxygen.
D) sodium.
7) The majority of metals and minerals come from the
A) lithosphere.
B) hydrosphere.
C) mantle.
D) atmosphere.
8) The inorganic portion of the lithosphere is made up of silicon and nonmetals like oxygen, sulfur and
carbon chemically combined with
A) metals.
B) nonmetals.
C) carbon.
D) water.
9) The organic portion of the lithosphere contains
A) soil and fossilized materials.
B) water.
C) minerals.
D) rocks.
10) Which of the following correctly summarizes the relative composition of the lithosphere with respect
to inorganic and organic material?
A) inorganic > organic
B) inorganic = organic
C) inorganic < organic
D) There is no organic matter in the lithosphere.
11) Carbonates are composed of
A) carbon and oxygen.
B) carbon, oxygen and metals.
C) carbon, sulfur and metals.
D) carbohydrates and metals.
12) Which of the following is NOT a major component of the earth’s rocks and minerals?
A) carbonates
B) organic compounds
C) oxides
D) silicates
13) Limestone is consists of
A) Al2O3.
B) CaCO3.
C) Fe2O3.
D) PbS.
14) All of the following combinations of elements form minerals that are found in the lithosphere
EXCEPT
A) metals, silicon and oxygen.
B) metals, carbon and oxygen.
C) metals and oxygen.
D) carbon and hydrogen.
15) Calcium carbonate is NOT found in
A) seashells.
B) chalcopyrite.
C) pearls.
D) stalactites.
16) Which of the following technological advances was NOT made possible by access to high
temperatures?
A) manufacture of glass
B) extraction of metals from ores
C) manufacture of ceramic bricks and pots
D) All of the above were made possible by access to high temperatures.
17) Silicates are compounds composed of
A) silicon only.
B) silicon and metals.
C) silicon, oxygen and metals.
D) silicon, sulfur and metals.
18) Pure quartz is composed of
A) silicon and oxygen.
B) silicon, oxygen and metals.
C) silicon, sulfur and metals.
D) calcium, oxygen and metals.
19) The basic unit of silicates is
A) SiO.
B) SiO2.
C) SiO3.
D) SiO4.
20) Concrete is a mixture of cement along with
A) water.
B) gravel.
C) sand and gravel.
D) sand, gravel, and water.
21) Which material is characterized by a well-ordered, three-dimensional structure of SiO4 tetrahedra?
A) asbestos
B) mica
C) glass
D) quartz
22) Which material is characterized by a two-dimensional sheetlike arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra?
A) asbestos
B) mica
C) glass
D) quartz
23) Which material is characterized by a double chain arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra?
A) asbestos
B) mica
C) glass
D) quartz
24) The color of quartz crystals is due to
A) the arrangement of silicon and oxygen atoms.
B) inorganic impurities.
C) magnesium.
D) organic substances.
25) Great quantities of ________ have been used to insulate furnaces, heating ducts, and steam pipes.
A) asbestos
B) iron
C) agate
D) polyester
26) Cigarette smoke and asbestos fibers act in such a way that each enhances the action of the other. This
is known as a(n) ________ effect.
A) isotope
B) synergistic
C) dilution
D) concentration
27) Which of the following is NOT a silicate?
A) mica
B) marble
C) asbestos
D) zircon
28) Assume that you have two compounds, A and B, each of which is known to increase the risk of
developing cancer. A and B act in synergy. Your risk of developing cancer if you were exposed to both A
and B would be
A) the higher of the risk from A or the risk from B.
B) the sum of the individual risks from A and B.
C) lower than the sum of the individual risks.
D) greater than the sum of the individual risks.
29) Pottery is made nonporous by
A) heating.
B) firing.
C) glazing.
D) painting.
30) Which one of the following materials is longest lasting?
A) ceramics
B) concrete
C) glass
D) plastic
31) As opposed to most solids, when glass is heated, it
A) melts rapidly to a liquid over a narrow temperature range.
B) goes directly into the gas phase; a process known as sublimation.
C) separates into its individual components.
D) gradually softens over a wide temperature range.
32) The properties of glass are modified by which approach?
A) firing at higher temperatures
B) glazing at low temperatures
C) adding various metal oxides
D) substituting carbon dioxide for silicon dioxide
33) One of the major problems associated with the production of glass is
A) the amount of energy required.
B) the amount of sand required.
C) the amount of limestone required.
D) the amount of sodium carbonate.
34) The two major components in cement are
A) clay and limestone.
B) sand and limestone.
C) calcium carbonate and limestone.
D) quartz and limestone.
35) Optical fibers are made from hair-thin threads of
A) marble.
B) glass.
C) asbestos.
D) ceramics.
36) Cement is a complex mixture of
A) calcium and aluminum silicates.
B) sodium and calcium silicates.
C) selenium and cobalt compounds.
D) lithium and sodium silicates.
37) Clays have widely varying compositions, but basically they are
A) aluminum carbonates.
B) aluminum silicates.
C) iron carbonates.
D) iron silicates.
38) Which of the following problems is NOT created by the production of cement?
A) Particulate material can result from mining of the limestone.
B) Smoke and sulfur dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels increase air pollution.
C) Incineration at high temperature is needed to destroy toxic organic wastes.
D) It requires extensive mining of limestone, and large mountains and hills are being destroyed.
39) Which of the following is a noncrystalline solid that has no defined melting point?
A) quartz
B) glass
C) cement
D) mica
40) Clay consists mostly of
A) aluminum oxides.
B) aluminum hydroxides.
C) silicates.
D) carbonates.
41) Glass can be colored because of the addition of ________ compounds to make a green color.
A) magnesium
B) chromium
C) lithium
D) zinc
42) The amount of iron on the earth today as compared to the amount of iron 120 years ago
(approximately the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution)
A) is less.
B) is essentially the same.
C) is more.
D) cannot be estimated or predicted.
43) Copper is NOT commonly used for
A) automobile bodies.
B) electrical wire.
C) roofing material.
D) plumbing.
12
44) Probably the first metal to be freed from its ore by smelting was
A) aluminum.
B) copper.
C) lead.
D) iron.
45) The principal raw materials for making iron are coal, iron ore and
A) chromium.
B) limestone.
C) clay.
D) oil.
46) In the production of iron, “coke” is used. Coke is
A) previously heated limestone.
B) previously heated coal.
C) black water formed from mixing coal and water.
D) a mineral containing a variety of metals.
47) Limestone is added to the iron producing mixture in a furnace to
A) add carbon to the mixture.
B) provide an additional reducing agent to extract all of the iron from the ore.
C) combine with silicates to remove impurities in the form of a slag.
D) produce a more corrosion resistant iron.
48) Steel is formed by
A) heating iron at high temperature for a long time.
B) combining iron, carbon and transition metals such as chromium and nickel.
C) oxidizing some of the iron to iron oxides.
D) adding sand and heating to a high temperature.
49) The feature that makes iron a useful material is its
A) resistance to corrosion.
B) low weight to strength ratio.
C) high weight to strength ratio.
D) ability to form a variety of alloys with a variety of metals.
50) The name of an ore from which aluminum can be produced is
A) bauxite.
B) chromium.
C) mica.
D) chrysolite.
51) The extraction of aluminum from its ore requires a great deal of
A) heat.
B) electricity.
C) water.
D) sunlight.
52) In comparing the actual relative costs of aluminum and steel, which of the following should be
considered?