Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Which statement about coma is true?
1)
A)
Coma is a form of deep sleep.
B)
During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.
C)
Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
D)
Coma is neurologically identical to syncope.
2)
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
2)
A)
glucose
B)
potassium
C)
red blood cells
D)
protein
3)
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?
3)
A)
decussation center
B)
motor command center
C)
visceral command center
D)
executive suite
4)
Broca’s area ________.
4)
A)
corresponds to Brodmann’s area 8
B)
serves the recognition of complex objects
C)
is usually found in the right hemisphere
D)
is considered a motor speech area
5)
Which statement is not true?
5)
A)
Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep.
B)
Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in
old age.
C)
Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.
D)
Ten–year–olds are in REM sleep about 1.5–2 hours per night.
6)
REM sleep is associated with ________.
6)
A)
decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
B)
temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm
C)
decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure
D)
decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex
B
7)
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in
________.
7)
A)
spinal shock only
B)
quadriplegia
C)
paraplegia
D)
hemiplegia
C
8)
Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?
8)
A)
The aura in tonic–clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.
B)
Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke,
infection, and tumor.
C)
Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and is often severely disabling.
D)
During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked.
B
C
9)
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the
________.
9)
A)
midbrain
B)
pons
C)
medulla
D)
cerebrum
10)
Second–order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the
________.
10)
A)
somatosensory cortex
B)
thalamus
C)
medulla
D)
spinal cord
11)
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.
11)
A)
temporal lobe
B)
parietal lobe
C)
frontal lobe
D)
prefrontal lobe
12)
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________.
12)
A)
amygdaloid nucleus
B)
hippocampus
C)
cingulate gyrus
D)
caudate nucleus
13)
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your
lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.
13)
A)
visceral sensory area
B)
gustatory cortex
C)
vestibular cortex
D)
olfactory cortex
14)
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or
weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.
14)
A)
primary motor cortex
B)
premotor cortex
C)
rubrospinal tracts
D)
spinal cord
15)
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?
15)
A)
emotional
B)
declarative
C)
procedural
D)
motor
C
16)
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize
it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
16)
A)
visual association area
B)
calcarine cortex
C)
primary visual area
D)
lateral geniculate body
A
17)
Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory?
17)
A)
medulla
B)
thalamus
C)
prefrontal cortex
D)
hippocampus
A
18)
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
18)
A)
concussion
B)
hemorrhage
C)
contusion
D)
swelling
A
B
19)
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
19)
A)
lateral sulcus
B)
cranial fossa
C)
longitudinal fissure
D)
central sulcus
20)
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.
20)
A)
extrapyramidal and rubrospinal
B)
segmental and nigrostriatal
C)
pyramidal and corticospinal
D)
supplementary and cerebellar–pontine
C
21)
Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei?
21)
A)
inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements
B)
regulating attention and cognition
C)
initiating protective reflex actions
D)
controlling starting and stopping movements
C
22)
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?
22)
A)
red nuclei
B)
postcentral gyrus
C)
gustatory cortex
D)
Wernicke’s area
A
23)
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
23)
A)
fissures
B)
ganglia
C)
gyri
D)
sulci
C
A
24)
Declarative memory ________.
24)
A)
is best remembered in the doing
B)
is the ability to learn specific information
C)
usually involves motor skills
D)
is hard to unlearn when learned once
25)
White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
25)
A)
corticospinal tracts
B)
outer portion of the spinal cord
C)
corpus callosum
D)
cerebral cortex
26)
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium
apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles
are the ________.
26)
A)
reticular nuclei
B)
red nuclei
C)
superior colliculi
D)
vestibular nuclei
27)
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
27)
A)
myelinated nerve fibers only
B)
soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
C)
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
D)
unmyelinated nerve fibers only
28)
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
28)
A)
frontal from temporal
B)
frontal from parietal
C)
parietal from occipital
D)
temporal from parietal
Explanation:
29)
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
29)
A)
furrow
B)
gyrus
C)
fissure
D)
sulcus
30)
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.
30)
A)
neuromotor junction
B)
lower motor neurons
C)
upper motor neurons
D)
spinal nerve roots
31)
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
31)
A)
fiber tracts
B)
dendrites
C)
cell bodies
D)
unmyelinated axons
32)
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the
cerebral cortex is the ________.
32)
A)
reticular formation
B)
pyramids
C)
limbic system
D)
thalamus
33)
Spinocerebellar tracts ________.
33)
A)
are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
B)
carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
C)
give rise to conscious experience of perception
D)
terminate in the spinal cord
34)
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
34)
A)
flocculonodular nodes
B)
cerebellar white matter
C)
the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum
D)
cerebellar gray matter
35)
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
35)
A)
parieto–occipital fissure
B)
central fissure
C)
longitudinal fissure
D)
lateral fissure
36)
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________.
36)
A)
pathologic sleep
B)
production of excessive quantities of urine
C)
loss of body temperature control
D)
loss of proprioception
37)
Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex?
37)
A)
Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral
side of the body.
B)
The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas.
C)
The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
D)
No functional area of the cortex works alone.
38)
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
38)
A)
nourishment of the brain
B)
initiation of some nerve impulses
C)
protection from blows
D)
reduction of brain weight
39)
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of
________.
39)
A)
Huntington’s disease
B)
spinal cord disease
C)
Parkinson’s disease
D)
cerebellar disease
40)
Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________.
40)
A)
cerebrum
B)
medulla
C)
pons
D)
midbrain
C
41)
Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?
41)
A)
Alpha
B)
Delta
C)
Theta
D)
Beta
C
42)
Which brain nucleus is the body’s “biological clock”?
42)
A)
dorsomedial nucleus
B)
subthalamic nucleus
C)
lentiform nucleus
D)
suprachiastmatic nucleus
D
43)
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
43)
A)
hindbrain would not be present
B)
telencephalon would cease development
C)
spinal cord may be affected
D)
cranial nerves would not form
C
C
44)
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
44)
A)
limbic association area
B)
prefrontal cortex
C)
posterior association area
D)
combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex
45)
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
45)
A)
Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and
location.
B)
Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control
and reflexes.
C)
Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but
movement is still possible.
D)
Damage to the visual association area can result in blindness.
B
46)
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called
________.
46)
A)
automatic memory
B)
long–term memory
C)
Association
D)
rehearsal
C
47)
The brain stem consists of the ________.
47)
A)
midbrain only
B)
midbrain, medulla, and pons
C)
pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain
D)
cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla
B
B
Explanation:
48)
Neural tracts that convey life–saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be
________.
48)
A)
reticulospinal
B)
posterior spinothalamic
C)
lateral spinothalamic
D)
anterior spinothalamic
49)
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
49)
A)
dura and epidura
B)
arachnoid and dura
C)
arachnoid and epidura
D)
arachnoid and pia
50)
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.
50)
A)
the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord
B)
sympathetic ganglia
C)
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
D)
the thalamus
51)
The blood–brain barrier is effective against ________.
51)
A)
metabolic waste such as urea
B)
anesthetics
C)
nutrients such as glucose
D)
alcohol
52)
What cells line the ventricles of the brain?
52)
A)
neurons
B)
ependymal cells
C)
epithelial cells
D)
astrocytes
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
53)
Describe the main ideas of the holistic processing school of thought, relative to
consciousness.
53)
Figure 12.1
Using Fig. 12.1, Match the following:
54)
Hypothalamus
54)
Figure 12.3
Using Figure 12.3, match the following:
55)
Site of sensory soma.
55)
56)
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?.
56)
Figure 12.1
Using Fig. 12.1, Match the following:
57)
Medulla Oblongata
57)
58)
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
58)
59)
Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep?
59)
60)
Differentiate clearly between short–term and long–term memory.
60)
Figure 12.2
Using Figure 12.2, match the following:
61)
Pons.
61)
62)
The ________ is a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses
nuclei for cranial nerves V–VII.
62)
63)
The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the
________.
63)
Figure 12.3
Using Figure 12.3, match the following:
64)
Site of axons and afferent neurons.
64)
65)
Gray commissure.
65)
66)
The ________ is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the
brain.
66)
67)
A 24–hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness is called a ________ rhythm.
67)
68)
The storage and retrieval of information is called ________.
68)
Figure 12.2
Using Figure 12.2, match the following:
69)
Globus pallidus.
69)
70)
Six–year–old Jimmy is confined to a wheelchair. He frequently drools and his limbs hang
limply in strange angular positions. His diagnosis is cerebral palsy. Name several
(possible) causes of cerebral palsy.
70)
71)
What might be a cause of dyslexia?
71)
72)
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
72)
73)
Which part of the brain functions to filter out repetitive and/or unimportant stimuli?
73)
74)
Describe the role of the reticular activating system in cortical arousal and stimulation.
74)
75)
Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the ________ horn.
75)
76)
Which white matter tracts connect the cerebrum to the lower brain areas?
76)
Figure 12.1
Using Fig. 12.1, Match the following:
77)
Thalamus
77)
Figure 12.2
Using Figure 12.2, match the following:
78)
Thalamus.
78)
79)
Thomas is wearing a T–shirt with the saying “Only Left–Handed People Are In Their Right
Minds”. What does this mean?
79)
80)
Describe the cause of hydrocephalus and explain why this condition is much more serious
in adults than in newborns.
80)
81)
Arachnoid villi are valvelike structures that protrude externally through the ____ mater to
absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.
81)
Figure 12.2
Using Figure 12.2, match the following:
82)
Caudate nucleus.
82)