Chapter 11 The fact that archaeologists once viewed the world largely in

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subject Textbook Archaeology 7th Edition
subject Authors David Hurst Thomas, Robert L. Kelly
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1.Anthropologistsrefertotherulesandstructuresthatgovernrelationswithinagroupofinteractingpeopleas:​
a.​residencepatterns.
b.​socialorganization.
c.​residencerules
d.​kinshipsystems.
2.Politicalorganizationcanbedefinedas:​
a.​theculturallyprescribedbehaviorassociatedwithmenandwomenwhichcanvaryfromsocietytosociety.
b.​therulesandstructuresthatgovernrelationswithinagroupofinteractingpeople.
c.​asociety’sformalandinformalinstitutionsthatregulateapopulation’scollectiveacts.
d.​anetworkofrelationshipsthroughwhichindividualsarerelatedtooneanotherbytiesofdescent.
3.Ifyouliveinasocietyinwhichtwoormorelocalgroupsareorganizedunderasinglehighlyrankedindividual,you
liveina(n):​
a.​egalitariansociety.
b.​patrilinealsociety.
c.​chiefdom.
d.​Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
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4.MargaretConkeyandJanetSpectorpointedoutwhichofthefollowingbiasesinarchaeology?​
a.​Thefactthatplantremainsarerarelypreservedatarchaeologicalsiteswhileanimalbonesandstonetools
areoftenabundant,leadingarchaeologiststooverestimatetheimportanceofmeatinprehistoricdiets.
b.​Thefactthatwhenarchaeologistsonlystudyprojectilepointsandignoreassociateddebitage,ordebris,from
themanufactureofstonetools,theyendupwithabiasedviewofprehistorictechnologicalorganization.
c.​Thefactthatarchaeologiststendtoimposethecurrentpoliticalorganizationoftheircultureontoprehistoric
politicalorganizationswithoutsufficientdatatojustifytheirinferences.
d.​Thefactthatarchaeologistsonceviewedtheworldlargelyintermsofmen’sactivitiesandperceptions,while
thecontributionsofwomenweredownplayed;thisviewwasprojectedintoprehistory,resultinginastrong
androcentricbiasinarchaeology.
5.Berdacheswere:​
a.​recognizedbytheirculturalgroupasathirdgender.
b.​menwhochosetoliveaswomen,performingwomen’straditionalroles.
c.​alsoknownas“two-spirits”insomePlainsIndiansocieties.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
6.Thedifferencebetweengenderrolesandgenderideologiesis:​
a.​genderrolesaretheculturallyprescribedbehaviorsassociatedwithmenandwomen,whilegender
ideologiesaretheculturallyprescribedvaluesassignedtothetasksandstatusofmenandwomen.
b.​genderrolesarehighlyvariableamongcultures,whilegenderideologiesareconstantamongallcultures.
c.​genderrolesareconstantamongallcultures,whilegenderideologiesarehighlyvariable.
d.​Noneoftheanswers;thetermsareinterchangeable.
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7.WilliamWebb(1882–1964)excavatedhundredsofburialsattheIndianKnollsiteinwesternKentucky.Howdid
Webbexplainthepresenceofhuntingweaponsinthegravesofwomenandchildrenatthesite?​
a.​Womenandchildrenhuntedinlife;theywerethereforeinterredwiththeobjectstheywouldneedinthe
afterlife.
b.​Burialritual;theartifactsweresymbolsofgriefratherthanobjectsthattheinterredusedduringlifebecause
womenandchildrenwouldnothavehunted.
c.​Misinterpretationofthearchaeologicalevidence;the“huntingweapons”werenothuntingweaponsatall,but
rathertoolsusedtoprocessplants.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect;hisinterpretationsofthesitechangedthroughtime.
8.Roughlywhatpercentofprofessionalarchaeologiststodayarewomen?​
a.​2%
b.​10%
c.​25%
d.​50%
9.Ethnographicdatafromavarietyofsocietiesaroundtheworldhasshownwhichofthefollowingaboutmen’sand
women’srolesinceramicmanufacture?​
a.​Whenpotteryismadebyhand,itisusuallymadebywomen;whenpotteryismadeonawheel,itisusually
madebymen.
b.​Whenpotteryismadebyhand,itisusuallymadebymen;whenpotteryismadeonawheel,itisusually
madebywomen.
c.​Whenpotteryismadeonawheel,menandwomenparticipateequallyinthemanufacturingprocess;women
dominatethemanufacturingprocesswhenpotteryismadebyhand.
d.​Whenpotteryismadebyhand,menandwomenparticipateequallyinthemanufacturingprocess;women
dominatethemanufacturingprocesswhenpotteryismadeonawheel.
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10.Theprimarymethodforreconstructingmaleandfemaleactivitiesfromthearchaeologicalrecordcomesfrom:​
a.​ceramicanalysis.
b.​lithic(includinggroundstone)analysis.
c.​ethnographicanalogy.
d.​genderideology.
11.TheargumentthatfemalesdepictedinClassicMayastelaeoccupiedsimilarandcomplimentaryrolestothoseof
males,andthattheseMayastelaedepictaprehistoriccargosystem,isbasedon:​
a.​translationofMayahieroglyphicsthatdescribetheoperationofcargosystems.
b.​historicallylinkedethnographicanalogy.
c.​oraltradition;althoughMayatodaydonotparticipateincargosystems,arecordoftheirpastparticipation
hasbeenpreservedthroughstorytelling.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
12.Thesociallyrecognizednetworkofrelationshipsthroughwhichindividualsarerelatedtooneanotherbytiesof
descent(realorimagined)andmarriageiscalled:​
a.​amoiety.
b.​alineage.
c.​kinship.
d.​bilateraldescent.
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13.Ifabiologicalfatherhaslittletodowithhisbiologicaloffspring,andinsteadspendsmostofhistimewithhissister’s
childrenwhocallhimbyatermmeaning“father”ratherthan“uncle,”thedescentsystemofthesepeopleismost
likely:​
a.​patrilineal.
b.​matrilineal.
c.​bilateral.
d.​Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
14.ThestandardkinshipsysteminNorthAmericaaswellasinmanyotherindustrializednationsis:​
a.​patrilinealdescent.
b.​matrilinealdescent.
c.​bilateraldescent.
d.​mostlypatrilinealdescent,withanalmostequalamountofbilateraldescent.
15.Asetoflineagesthatclaimstoshareadistant,often-mythicalancestoriscalleda:​
a.​moiety.
b.​clan.
c.​kinshipsystem.
d.​berdache.
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16.Withpatrilocalresidence,commonlyassociatedwithpatrilinealdescentanewlymarriedcouplelivesinthe:​
a.​groom’svillageoforigin.
b.​groom’smother’svillageoforigin.
c.​bride’svillageoforigin.
d.​bride’sfather’svillageoforigin.
17.ClustersofresidencesamongtheMikeapeopleinMadagascarreflect:​
a.​matrilinealdescentgroups,withclustersoffamiliesconsistingofolderwomen,sisters,andtheirhusbands.
b.​patrilinealdescentgroups,withclustersoffamiliesconsistingofoldermen,brothers,andtheirwives.
c.​amixtureofdescentgroups,withanequalchanceofmembersbelongingtoapatrilineageoramatrilineage.
d.​statusdifferences,withgroupsatthenorthendofasettlementhavinghigherstatusthanthoseatthesouth
end.
18.WhyhasPeterPeregrine(LawrenceUniversity)suggestedthatChacoanpueblosocietypracticedmatrilocal
residence?​
a.​ThesmallsizeofChacoanpueblos(<60squaremeters)lieswithinthesizelimitsofethnographically
documentedmatrilocalresidences.
b.​Theside-by-sidespatialarrangementofpuebloroomsreflectssocialsolidarity,whichethnographicdata
suggestischaracteristicofmatrilocalresidence.
c.​BioarchaeologicalanalysisofChacoanburialpopulationshasshownthatfemalesaremoregeneticallysimilar
toeachotherthanaremales;thismeansthatfemalesstayedintheirvillageoforiginwhilemalesmigrated
fromelsewhere.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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19.SchillaciandStojanowski(UniversityofNewMexico)arguefromtheiranalysisofthePuebloBonitoburial
populationthatthepeopleofPuebloBonitopracticedbilocalratherthanmatrilocalresidencebecause:​
a.​ethnographicanalogysuggeststhatthepresenceofprestigiousgravegoodsaccompanyingbothmaleand
femaleskeletonsatPuebloBonitoischaracteristicofbilocalresidencepatterns.
b.​mitochondrialDNAstudiesshowedthatmalesweremorecloselybiologicallyrelatedthanfemales.
c.​analysisofcranialtraitsshowedthatthemalesamplepossessedgreatervariationthanthefemalesample,a
patternnotexpectedwithinamatrilocalresidencepattern.
d.​analysisofcranialtraitsshowedthatthefemalesamplepossessedgreatervariationthanthemalesample,a
patternnotexpectedwithinamatrilocalresidencepattern;bilocalresidencewasalsocommonamongthe
easternpueblosatthetimeofEuropeancontact.
20.Asocialsysteminwhichpositionsofstatusarelimited,andthuswherenoteveryoneoftalentmayachievehigh
statusorprestigeiscalleda(n):​
a.​rankedsociety.
b.​egalitariansociety.
c.​nonresidentialgroup.
d.​residentialgroup.
21.Anegalitariansociety:​
a.​isasocietyinwhichpeoplegenerallyhaveequalaccesstocritical,life-sustainingresources.
b.​containsroughlyasmanyvaluedpositionsastherearepersonscapableoffillingthem.
c.​recognizesstatusonthebasisofgenderandage.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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22.ThenameoftheculturaltraditionthatwaswidespreadacrossmuchoftheeasternUnitedStatesfromAD800–
1500,engagedinintensivevillage-basedmaizehorticulture,andconstructedearthenplatformmoundsis:​
a.​Mississippian.
b.​SoutheasternCeremonialComplex.
c.​Moundville.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
23.Byassumingthatthetreatmentofpeopleindeathreflectstheirstatusandrolesinlife,thedatafrommorethan
3000burialsatMoundvilleindicatesthat:​
a.​Moundvillesocietywasegalitarian.
b.​Moundvillesocietywasranked,mostlikelyachiefdom.
c.​housestructuresaswellasburialswereunrelatedtothestatusofpeopleatMoundville.
d.​Moundvillesocietywasmatrilineal;femaleswereburiedwithmanymoregravegoodsthanmales.
24.AnalysesofburialpopulationsfromMississippiansitesindicate:​
a.​clearstatusdifferencesamongmenandwomen,aswellasamongclasses,reflectedbytypesandabundance
ofgravegoods.
b.​thatmenatemoremeatthanwomen,andthathighstatusmenatemoremeatthanlowstatusmen.
c.​thatalthoughtheelitehadaccesstoresourcesthatlowstatusindividualsdidnot,thequalityoflifeoflow
statusindividualsdidnotappearnegativelyaffected.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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25.Ifapersongoestothenaturalsourceareaofarawmaterialandeitherextractsthematerialhim-orherselfor
tradesforitorforfinishedproducts,heorsheisengagingin:​
a.​directacquisition.
b.​down-the-linetrade.
c.​rawmaterialsourcing.
d.​theSoutheasternCeremonialComplex.
26.TheculturaltraditionthatisfoundprimarilyintheOhioRiverValleyanditstributariesdatingbetween200BCand
AD400,thatconstructedgeometricearthworksandeffigymounds,andthatisknownforitselaboratemortuary
ritualsis:​
a.​Mississippian.
b.​Moundville.
c.​Hopewell.
d.​SoutheasternCeremonialComplex.
27.Petrographicanalysisinvolves:​
a.​shootinganx-raybeamontolithicrawmaterialcausingtheelectronstobecomeexcitedandemitfluorescent
energy.
b.​traceelementanalysisoflithicrawmaterialtoobtaina“fingerprint”andidentifysource.
c.​identifyingthemineralcompositionofapot’stemperandclaythroughmicroscopicanalysisofthinsectionsof
thepottery.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect;petrographicanalysisreferstoalltechniquesthatattempttosourceceramic
orlithicrawmaterial.
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28.Thecurrentsourcingmethodusedtofingerprintobsidian,andusedbyRichardHughestoverifyJamesGriffin’s
determinationthatobsidianintheOhioHopewellmoundshadcomefromObsidianCliffinYellowstoneNational
Parksome2400kilometersawayis:​
a.​instrumentalneutronactivationanalysis(INAA).
b.​petrographicanalysis.
c.​microscopicobservationofthinsections.
d.​x-rayfluorescence(XRF).
29.Atechniqueusedtodeterminethesourceofpotterybyidentifyingthetraceelementcompositionoftheclayor
temperusedtomanufacturethepotis:​
a.​petrographicanalysis.
b.​instrumentalneutronactivationanalysis.
c.​energydispersivex-rayfluorescence.
d.​Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
30.PetrographicandinstrumentalneutronactivationanalysisconductedonMicronesianpotterydeterminedwhichof
thefollowing?​
a.​PotteryfoundontheatollswasallmanufacturedonthehighislandofYap,confirminganancienttrade
networkbetweenYapandoutlyingatolls.
b.​Potteryfoundontheatollswasallmanufacturedlocally;eachatollhaditsownsourceofhighqualityclay
fromwhichceramicvesselsweremanufactured.
c.​AlthoughtheclayusedtomanufacturemostofthepotterycamefromthehighislandofYap,theactual
manufactureofpotterytookplaceontheatolls.
d.​Itwasimpossibletodeterminetheparticularhighislandthatwasthesourceoftheclayusedtomanufacture
Micronesianpotterybecausetheislandshavesuchsimilargeologichistories.
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31.Inthereconstructionofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsarchaeologistsremember​
a.​artifactsweremerelyutilitarianitems.
b.​artifactscarriednosocialmeanings.
c.​artifactscarriedsymbolicmeaningsthatreflectelementsofsocialandpoliticalorganization.
d.​itisnotnecessarytohavewell-supportedethnographicanalogy.
32.Thesociallyrecognizednetworkofrelationshipsthroughwhichindividualsarerelatedtooneanotherbytiesof
descent(realorimagined)andmarriageisknownas​
a.​familyties.
b.​descent.
c.​kinship.
d.​hierarchy.
33.Whichofthefollowingsourcingstudiesarenotusedtodemonstratethegeographicscaleofaneconomicand/or
politicalorganization?​
a.​Obsidian
b.​Clay
c.​Temper
d.​Soil
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34.WeknowmuchaboutwhatMayahieroglyphsmeanbecause​
a.​Mayaleftwrittenexplanations.
b.​Mayaepigrapherscanreadthehieroglyphs.
c.​MayahieroglyphsareexactlythesameasEgyptianhieroglyphs.
d.​wedonotconfusehieroglyphswithart.
35.Archaeologistsknowthatthepotterywheelisassociatedwith​
a.​thehorsedrawncart.
b.​craftspecialization.
c.​marketingofpottery.
d.​craftspecializationsandmarketingofpottery.
36.Physical,facetofaceassociationsofpeoplearereferredtobyarcheologistsas​
a.​non-residentialgroups.
b.​residentialgroups.
c.​residences.
d.​non-residences.
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37.Thatmaterialculturereflectssymbolicmeaningsaswellasfunctionalbehaviorsmakes​
a.​archaeologicalpatterningeasytounderstand.
b.​archeologicalpatterningdifficulttounderstand.
c.​itimpossibleinferancientsocialandpoliticalorganizationfromartifacts.
d.​iteasytotellifobjectsarebestinterpretedintermsoftheirsymbolicorfunctionalmeanings.
38.MembersoftheTahitianvillageswereorganizedintocompetingchiefdomsruledbya“sacredchief.”Belowthe
“sacredchiefs”were​
a.​other“sacredchiefs.”
b.​smallchiefs.
c.sub-chiefs.
d.​the“sacredchief”wastheonlyrulingchief.
39.Anthropologistsdistinguishbetweengenderandsex.Sexrefersto​
a.​culturallyconstructedideasaboutsexdifferences.
b.​thehumancapabilitytoreproduce.
c.​inheritedbiologicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.
d.​biologicaldifferencesthatarenotinherited.
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40.Thedifferentialparticipationofmalesandfemalesinthevarioussocial,economic,political,andreligiousinstitutions
ofagroupistermed​
a.​genderideology.
b.​berdaches.
c.​genderrole.
d.​sexualdichotomy.
41.Inordertoinferancientsocialandpoliticalorganization,itisimportanttorememberthatmaterialculturereflects
symbolicmeaningaswellasfunctionalbehaviors.​
a.True
b.False
42.Inanthropology,theterms“gender”and“sex”areusedinterchangeably.​
a.True
b.False
43.Ethnographicanalysismakesitclearthatitissafetoassumethatwomeninthepastalwaysmadethepottery,and
menalwaysmadethestonetools.​
a.True
b.False
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44.Ethnographicdataindicatethatwhenpotteryproductionmovesfrommanufacturefortheresidentialgroupto
manufactureforthenonresidentialgroup,thetaskofpotteryproductionshiftsfromwomentomen.​
a.True
b.False
45.Kinshipsystemsdescriberelationshipsbasedsolelyonbiologicaldescent.​
a.True
b.False
46.Ifyoucallyourfather’sbrother’soffspring“brother”and“sister”insteadof“cousin”,andyoucallyourmother’s
sister’soffspring“cousin”,youmostlikelybelongtoamatrilineage.​
a.True
b.False
47.Ingeneral,bilateraldescentisassociatedwithindustrializednations;patrilinealdescentisassociatedwithawide
rangeofconditionssuchashuntingandgathering,agriculture,andpastoralism,aswellasinternalwarfare;and
matrilinealdescentisassociatedwithhorticulture,longdistancehunting,andwarfarewithdistantenemies.​
a.True
b.False
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48.Matrilinealsocietiesareextremelycommon,makinguproughly75%oftheworld’ssocietiestoday;archaeologists
alsobelievetheywereverycommoninthepast.​
a.True
b.False
49.Thepurposeofaddingtempertoclayistopreventcrackingandimprovethestrengthoftheceramicitem.​
a.True
b.False
50.Becausedifferentvolcanicflowscontainidenticalamountsoftraceelements,itisnearlyimpossibletosource
obsidianusingmethodsthatrelyontraceelementanalysis.​
a.True
b.False
51.Archeologiststhinkintermsofonlyresidentialgroups,excludingnonresidentialgroups.​
a.True
b.False
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52.Statusreferstotherights,duties,andprivilegesthatdefinethenatureofinterpersonalrelations.​
a.True
b.False
53.Whatissocialorganization?Whatispoliticalorganization?Isitreasonabletoassumethatprehistoricsocialand
politicalorganizationcanbeinferredthrougharchaeologicaldata?Whyorwhynot?​
54.Whyisitimportanttoknowwhatmenandwomendidinthepast?Canarchaeologyreconstructtheactivities
conductedbymalesandfemalesinthepast?Canarchaeologyreconstructgenderideology?Whyorwhynot?
Provideanexampletosupportyouropinion.​
55.WhydoMargaretConkeyandJanetSpectorarguethatarchaeologyhashadastrongandrocentricbias?How
hasthisbiasaffectedarchaeologicalinterpretationsofprehistoricgenderroles?​
56.Howcanbioarchaeologicalanalyseshelpdeterminewhatmenandwomendidinthepast?Whatistheproperrole
ofethnographicanalogyinhelpingdeterminewhatmenandwomendidinthepast?​
57.Definekinship.Howcanabstractgroupingslikedescentsystemsbeinferredarchaeologically?Providean
examplefromthetext.​
58.Howcanresidencepatternsbedeterminedarchaeologically?Howcanthebioarchaeologicalstudyofgenetictraits
provideinformationaboutresidencepatterns?Provideexamplesfromthetext.​
59.Explainstatus.Whatisthedifferencebetweenascribedandachievedstatus?Howcanstatusbedetermined
archaeologically?​
60.Whatisanegalitariansociety?Whatisarankedsociety?Whattypeofstatusisassociatedwitheach?Howcan
egalitarianandrankedsocietiesberecognizedarchaeologically?​
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61.Whyarearchaeologistsinterestedinreconstructingprehistorictradenetworks?Howdoarchaeologistsdetermine
theextentofprehistorictrade?​
62.Howcanarchaeologiststellwheretherawmaterialthatalithicorceramicartifactismadeoutofcamefrom?How
isobsidiansourcedtoday?Howdoesthistechniquework?Howcanceramicartifactsbesourced?Howdo
thesetechniqueswork?Whatcansourcingstudiestellarchaeologistaboutprehistoriceconomiesandpolitical
organization?​

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