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1.Anthropologistsrefertotherulesandstructuresthatgovernrelationswithinagroupofinteractingpeopleas:
a.residencepatterns.
b.socialorganization.
c.residencerules
d.kinshipsystems.
2.Politicalorganizationcanbedefinedas:
a.theculturallyprescribedbehaviorassociatedwithmenandwomenwhichcanvaryfromsocietytosociety.
b.therulesandstructuresthatgovernrelationswithinagroupofinteractingpeople.
c.asociety’sformalandinformalinstitutionsthatregulateapopulation’scollectiveacts.
d.anetworkofrelationshipsthroughwhichindividualsarerelatedtooneanotherbytiesofdescent.
3.Ifyouliveinasocietyinwhichtwoormorelocalgroupsareorganizedunderasinglehighlyrankedindividual,you
liveina(n):
a.egalitariansociety.
b.patrilinealsociety.
c.chiefdom.
d.Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
4.MargaretConkeyandJanetSpectorpointedoutwhichofthefollowingbiasesinarchaeology?
a.Thefactthatplantremainsarerarelypreservedatarchaeologicalsiteswhileanimalbonesandstonetools
areoftenabundant,leadingarchaeologiststooverestimatetheimportanceofmeatinprehistoricdiets.
b.Thefactthatwhenarchaeologistsonlystudyprojectilepointsandignoreassociateddebitage,ordebris,from
themanufactureofstonetools,theyendupwithabiasedviewofprehistorictechnologicalorganization.
c.Thefactthatarchaeologiststendtoimposethecurrentpoliticalorganizationoftheircultureontoprehistoric
politicalorganizationswithoutsufficientdatatojustifytheirinferences.
d.Thefactthatarchaeologistsonceviewedtheworldlargelyintermsofmen’sactivitiesandperceptions,while
thecontributionsofwomenweredownplayed;thisviewwasprojectedintoprehistory,resultinginastrong
androcentricbiasinarchaeology.
5.Berdacheswere:
a.recognizedbytheirculturalgroupasathirdgender.
b.menwhochosetoliveaswomen,performingwomen’straditionalroles.
c.alsoknownas“two-spirits”insomePlainsIndiansocieties.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
6.Thedifferencebetweengenderrolesandgenderideologiesis:
a.genderrolesaretheculturallyprescribedbehaviorsassociatedwithmenandwomen,whilegender
ideologiesaretheculturallyprescribedvaluesassignedtothetasksandstatusofmenandwomen.
b.genderrolesarehighlyvariableamongcultures,whilegenderideologiesareconstantamongallcultures.
c.genderrolesareconstantamongallcultures,whilegenderideologiesarehighlyvariable.
d.Noneoftheanswers;thetermsareinterchangeable.
7.WilliamWebb(1882–1964)excavatedhundredsofburialsattheIndianKnollsiteinwesternKentucky.Howdid
Webbexplainthepresenceofhuntingweaponsinthegravesofwomenandchildrenatthesite?
a.Womenandchildrenhuntedinlife;theywerethereforeinterredwiththeobjectstheywouldneedinthe
afterlife.
b.Burialritual;theartifactsweresymbolsofgriefratherthanobjectsthattheinterredusedduringlifebecause
womenandchildrenwouldnothavehunted.
c.Misinterpretationofthearchaeologicalevidence;the“huntingweapons”werenothuntingweaponsatall,but
rathertoolsusedtoprocessplants.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect;hisinterpretationsofthesitechangedthroughtime.
8.Roughlywhatpercentofprofessionalarchaeologiststodayarewomen?
a.2%
b.10%
c.25%
d.50%
9.Ethnographicdatafromavarietyofsocietiesaroundtheworldhasshownwhichofthefollowingaboutmen’sand
women’srolesinceramicmanufacture?
a.Whenpotteryismadebyhand,itisusuallymadebywomen;whenpotteryismadeonawheel,itisusually
madebymen.
b.Whenpotteryismadebyhand,itisusuallymadebymen;whenpotteryismadeonawheel,itisusually
madebywomen.
c.Whenpotteryismadeonawheel,menandwomenparticipateequallyinthemanufacturingprocess;women
dominatethemanufacturingprocesswhenpotteryismadebyhand.
d.Whenpotteryismadebyhand,menandwomenparticipateequallyinthemanufacturingprocess;women
dominatethemanufacturingprocesswhenpotteryismadeonawheel.
10.Theprimarymethodforreconstructingmaleandfemaleactivitiesfromthearchaeologicalrecordcomesfrom:
a.ceramicanalysis.
b.lithic(includinggroundstone)analysis.
c.ethnographicanalogy.
d.genderideology.
11.TheargumentthatfemalesdepictedinClassicMayastelaeoccupiedsimilarandcomplimentaryrolestothoseof
males,andthattheseMayastelaedepictaprehistoriccargosystem,isbasedon:
a.translationofMayahieroglyphicsthatdescribetheoperationofcargosystems.
b.historicallylinkedethnographicanalogy.
c.oraltradition;althoughMayatodaydonotparticipateincargosystems,arecordoftheirpastparticipation
hasbeenpreservedthroughstorytelling.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
12.Thesociallyrecognizednetworkofrelationshipsthroughwhichindividualsarerelatedtooneanotherbytiesof
descent(realorimagined)andmarriageiscalled:
a.amoiety.
b.alineage.
c.kinship.
d.bilateraldescent.
13.Ifabiologicalfatherhaslittletodowithhisbiologicaloffspring,andinsteadspendsmostofhistimewithhissister’s
childrenwhocallhimbyatermmeaning“father”ratherthan“uncle,”thedescentsystemofthesepeopleismost
likely:
a.patrilineal.
b.matrilineal.
c.bilateral.
d.Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
14.ThestandardkinshipsysteminNorthAmericaaswellasinmanyotherindustrializednationsis:
a.patrilinealdescent.
b.matrilinealdescent.
c.bilateraldescent.
d.mostlypatrilinealdescent,withanalmostequalamountofbilateraldescent.
15.Asetoflineagesthatclaimstoshareadistant,often-mythicalancestoriscalleda:
a.moiety.
b.clan.
c.kinshipsystem.
d.berdache.
16.Withpatrilocalresidence,commonlyassociatedwithpatrilinealdescentanewlymarriedcouplelivesinthe:
a.groom’svillageoforigin.
b.groom’smother’svillageoforigin.
c.bride’svillageoforigin.
d.bride’sfather’svillageoforigin.
17.ClustersofresidencesamongtheMikeapeopleinMadagascarreflect:
a.matrilinealdescentgroups,withclustersoffamiliesconsistingofolderwomen,sisters,andtheirhusbands.
b.patrilinealdescentgroups,withclustersoffamiliesconsistingofoldermen,brothers,andtheirwives.
c.amixtureofdescentgroups,withanequalchanceofmembersbelongingtoapatrilineageoramatrilineage.
d.statusdifferences,withgroupsatthenorthendofasettlementhavinghigherstatusthanthoseatthesouth
end.
18.WhyhasPeterPeregrine(LawrenceUniversity)suggestedthatChacoanpueblosocietypracticedmatrilocal
residence?
a.ThesmallsizeofChacoanpueblos(<60squaremeters)lieswithinthesizelimitsofethnographically
documentedmatrilocalresidences.
b.Theside-by-sidespatialarrangementofpuebloroomsreflectssocialsolidarity,whichethnographicdata
suggestischaracteristicofmatrilocalresidence.
c.BioarchaeologicalanalysisofChacoanburialpopulationshasshownthatfemalesaremoregeneticallysimilar
toeachotherthanaremales;thismeansthatfemalesstayedintheirvillageoforiginwhilemalesmigrated
fromelsewhere.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
19.SchillaciandStojanowski(UniversityofNewMexico)arguefromtheiranalysisofthePuebloBonitoburial
populationthatthepeopleofPuebloBonitopracticedbilocalratherthanmatrilocalresidencebecause:
a.ethnographicanalogysuggeststhatthepresenceofprestigiousgravegoodsaccompanyingbothmaleand
femaleskeletonsatPuebloBonitoischaracteristicofbilocalresidencepatterns.
b.mitochondrialDNAstudiesshowedthatmalesweremorecloselybiologicallyrelatedthanfemales.
c.analysisofcranialtraitsshowedthatthemalesamplepossessedgreatervariationthanthefemalesample,a
patternnotexpectedwithinamatrilocalresidencepattern.
d.analysisofcranialtraitsshowedthatthefemalesamplepossessedgreatervariationthanthemalesample,a
patternnotexpectedwithinamatrilocalresidencepattern;bilocalresidencewasalsocommonamongthe
easternpueblosatthetimeofEuropeancontact.
20.Asocialsysteminwhichpositionsofstatusarelimited,andthuswherenoteveryoneoftalentmayachievehigh
statusorprestigeiscalleda(n):
a.rankedsociety.
b.egalitariansociety.
c.nonresidentialgroup.
d.residentialgroup.
21.Anegalitariansociety:
a.isasocietyinwhichpeoplegenerallyhaveequalaccesstocritical,life-sustainingresources.
b.containsroughlyasmanyvaluedpositionsastherearepersonscapableoffillingthem.
c.recognizesstatusonthebasisofgenderandage.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
22.ThenameoftheculturaltraditionthatwaswidespreadacrossmuchoftheeasternUnitedStatesfromAD800–
1500,engagedinintensivevillage-basedmaizehorticulture,andconstructedearthenplatformmoundsis:
a.Mississippian.
b.SoutheasternCeremonialComplex.
c.Moundville.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
23.Byassumingthatthetreatmentofpeopleindeathreflectstheirstatusandrolesinlife,thedatafrommorethan
3000burialsatMoundvilleindicatesthat:
a.Moundvillesocietywasegalitarian.
b.Moundvillesocietywasranked,mostlikelyachiefdom.
c.housestructuresaswellasburialswereunrelatedtothestatusofpeopleatMoundville.
d.Moundvillesocietywasmatrilineal;femaleswereburiedwithmanymoregravegoodsthanmales.
24.AnalysesofburialpopulationsfromMississippiansitesindicate:
a.clearstatusdifferencesamongmenandwomen,aswellasamongclasses,reflectedbytypesandabundance
ofgravegoods.
b.thatmenatemoremeatthanwomen,andthathighstatusmenatemoremeatthanlowstatusmen.
c.thatalthoughtheelitehadaccesstoresourcesthatlowstatusindividualsdidnot,thequalityoflifeoflow
statusindividualsdidnotappearnegativelyaffected.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
25.Ifapersongoestothenaturalsourceareaofarawmaterialandeitherextractsthematerialhim-orherselfor
tradesforitorforfinishedproducts,heorsheisengagingin:
a.directacquisition.
b.down-the-linetrade.
c.rawmaterialsourcing.
d.theSoutheasternCeremonialComplex.
26.TheculturaltraditionthatisfoundprimarilyintheOhioRiverValleyanditstributariesdatingbetween200BCand
AD400,thatconstructedgeometricearthworksandeffigymounds,andthatisknownforitselaboratemortuary
ritualsis:
a.Mississippian.
b.Moundville.
c.Hopewell.
d.SoutheasternCeremonialComplex.
27.Petrographicanalysisinvolves:
a.shootinganx-raybeamontolithicrawmaterialcausingtheelectronstobecomeexcitedandemitfluorescent
energy.
b.traceelementanalysisoflithicrawmaterialtoobtaina“fingerprint”andidentifysource.
c.identifyingthemineralcompositionofapot’stemperandclaythroughmicroscopicanalysisofthinsectionsof
thepottery.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect;petrographicanalysisreferstoalltechniquesthatattempttosourceceramic
orlithicrawmaterial.
28.Thecurrentsourcingmethodusedtofingerprintobsidian,andusedbyRichardHughestoverifyJamesGriffin’s
determinationthatobsidianintheOhioHopewellmoundshadcomefromObsidianCliffinYellowstoneNational
Parksome2400kilometersawayis:
a.instrumentalneutronactivationanalysis(INAA).
b.petrographicanalysis.
c.microscopicobservationofthinsections.
d.x-rayfluorescence(XRF).
29.Atechniqueusedtodeterminethesourceofpotterybyidentifyingthetraceelementcompositionoftheclayor
temperusedtomanufacturethepotis:
a.petrographicanalysis.
b.instrumentalneutronactivationanalysis.
c.energydispersivex-rayfluorescence.
d.Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
30.PetrographicandinstrumentalneutronactivationanalysisconductedonMicronesianpotterydeterminedwhichof
thefollowing?
a.PotteryfoundontheatollswasallmanufacturedonthehighislandofYap,confirminganancienttrade
networkbetweenYapandoutlyingatolls.
b.Potteryfoundontheatollswasallmanufacturedlocally;eachatollhaditsownsourceofhighqualityclay
fromwhichceramicvesselsweremanufactured.
c.AlthoughtheclayusedtomanufacturemostofthepotterycamefromthehighislandofYap,theactual
manufactureofpotterytookplaceontheatolls.
d.Itwasimpossibletodeterminetheparticularhighislandthatwasthesourceoftheclayusedtomanufacture
Micronesianpotterybecausetheislandshavesuchsimilargeologichistories.
31.Inthereconstructionofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsarchaeologistsremember
a.artifactsweremerelyutilitarianitems.
b.artifactscarriednosocialmeanings.
c.artifactscarriedsymbolicmeaningsthatreflectelementsofsocialandpoliticalorganization.
d.itisnotnecessarytohavewell-supportedethnographicanalogy.
32.Thesociallyrecognizednetworkofrelationshipsthroughwhichindividualsarerelatedtooneanotherbytiesof
descent(realorimagined)andmarriageisknownas
a.familyties.
b.descent.
c.kinship.
d.hierarchy.
33.Whichofthefollowingsourcingstudiesarenotusedtodemonstratethegeographicscaleofaneconomicand/or
politicalorganization?
a.Obsidian
b.Clay
c.Temper
d.Soil
34.WeknowmuchaboutwhatMayahieroglyphsmeanbecause
a.Mayaleftwrittenexplanations.
b.Mayaepigrapherscanreadthehieroglyphs.
c.MayahieroglyphsareexactlythesameasEgyptianhieroglyphs.
d.wedonotconfusehieroglyphswithart.
35.Archaeologistsknowthatthepotterywheelisassociatedwith
a.thehorsedrawncart.
b.craftspecialization.
c.marketingofpottery.
d.craftspecializationsandmarketingofpottery.
36.Physical,facetofaceassociationsofpeoplearereferredtobyarcheologistsas
a.non-residentialgroups.
b.residentialgroups.
c.residences.
d.non-residences.
37.Thatmaterialculturereflectssymbolicmeaningsaswellasfunctionalbehaviorsmakes
a.archaeologicalpatterningeasytounderstand.
b.archeologicalpatterningdifficulttounderstand.
c.itimpossibleinferancientsocialandpoliticalorganizationfromartifacts.
d.iteasytotellifobjectsarebestinterpretedintermsoftheirsymbolicorfunctionalmeanings.
38.MembersoftheTahitianvillageswereorganizedintocompetingchiefdomsruledbya“sacredchief.”Belowthe
“sacredchiefs”were
a.other“sacredchiefs.”
b.smallchiefs.
c.sub-chiefs.
d.the“sacredchief”wastheonlyrulingchief.
39.Anthropologistsdistinguishbetweengenderandsex.Sexrefersto
a.culturallyconstructedideasaboutsexdifferences.
b.thehumancapabilitytoreproduce.
c.inheritedbiologicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.
d.biologicaldifferencesthatarenotinherited.
40.Thedifferentialparticipationofmalesandfemalesinthevarioussocial,economic,political,andreligiousinstitutions
ofagroupistermed
a.genderideology.
b.berdaches.
c.genderrole.
d.sexualdichotomy.
41.Inordertoinferancientsocialandpoliticalorganization,itisimportanttorememberthatmaterialculturereflects
symbolicmeaningaswellasfunctionalbehaviors.
a.True
b.False
42.Inanthropology,theterms“gender”and“sex”areusedinterchangeably.
a.True
b.False
43.Ethnographicanalysismakesitclearthatitissafetoassumethatwomeninthepastalwaysmadethepottery,and
menalwaysmadethestonetools.
a.True
b.False
44.Ethnographicdataindicatethatwhenpotteryproductionmovesfrommanufacturefortheresidentialgroupto
manufactureforthenonresidentialgroup,thetaskofpotteryproductionshiftsfromwomentomen.
a.True
b.False
45.Kinshipsystemsdescriberelationshipsbasedsolelyonbiologicaldescent.
a.True
b.False
46.Ifyoucallyourfather’sbrother’soffspring“brother”and“sister”insteadof“cousin”,andyoucallyourmother’s
sister’soffspring“cousin”,youmostlikelybelongtoamatrilineage.
a.True
b.False
47.Ingeneral,bilateraldescentisassociatedwithindustrializednations;patrilinealdescentisassociatedwithawide
rangeofconditionssuchashuntingandgathering,agriculture,andpastoralism,aswellasinternalwarfare;and
matrilinealdescentisassociatedwithhorticulture,longdistancehunting,andwarfarewithdistantenemies.
a.True
b.False
48.Matrilinealsocietiesareextremelycommon,makinguproughly75%oftheworld’ssocietiestoday;archaeologists
alsobelievetheywereverycommoninthepast.
a.True
b.False
49.Thepurposeofaddingtempertoclayistopreventcrackingandimprovethestrengthoftheceramicitem.
a.True
b.False
50.Becausedifferentvolcanicflowscontainidenticalamountsoftraceelements,itisnearlyimpossibletosource
obsidianusingmethodsthatrelyontraceelementanalysis.
a.True
b.False
51.Archeologiststhinkintermsofonlyresidentialgroups,excludingnonresidentialgroups.
a.True
b.False
52.Statusreferstotherights,duties,andprivilegesthatdefinethenatureofinterpersonalrelations.
a.True
b.False
53.Whatissocialorganization?Whatispoliticalorganization?Isitreasonabletoassumethatprehistoricsocialand
politicalorganizationcanbeinferredthrougharchaeologicaldata?Whyorwhynot?
54.Whyisitimportanttoknowwhatmenandwomendidinthepast?Canarchaeologyreconstructtheactivities
conductedbymalesandfemalesinthepast?Canarchaeologyreconstructgenderideology?Whyorwhynot?
Provideanexampletosupportyouropinion.
55.WhydoMargaretConkeyandJanetSpectorarguethatarchaeologyhashadastrongandrocentricbias?How
hasthisbiasaffectedarchaeologicalinterpretationsofprehistoricgenderroles?
56.Howcanbioarchaeologicalanalyseshelpdeterminewhatmenandwomendidinthepast?Whatistheproperrole
ofethnographicanalogyinhelpingdeterminewhatmenandwomendidinthepast?
57.Definekinship.Howcanabstractgroupingslikedescentsystemsbeinferredarchaeologically?Providean
examplefromthetext.
58.Howcanresidencepatternsbedeterminedarchaeologically?Howcanthebioarchaeologicalstudyofgenetictraits
provideinformationaboutresidencepatterns?Provideexamplesfromthetext.
59.Explainstatus.Whatisthedifferencebetweenascribedandachievedstatus?Howcanstatusbedetermined
archaeologically?
60.Whatisanegalitariansociety?Whatisarankedsociety?Whattypeofstatusisassociatedwitheach?Howcan
egalitarianandrankedsocietiesberecognizedarchaeologically?
61.Whyarearchaeologistsinterestedinreconstructingprehistorictradenetworks?Howdoarchaeologistsdetermine
theextentofprehistorictrade?
62.Howcanarchaeologiststellwheretherawmaterialthatalithicorceramicartifactismadeoutofcamefrom?How
isobsidiansourcedtoday?Howdoesthistechniquework?Howcanceramicartifactsbesourced?Howdo
thesetechniqueswork?Whatcansourcingstudiestellarchaeologistaboutprehistoriceconomiesandpolitical
organization?
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