Chapter 11 – Genome Alterations – Mutation and Epigenetics
True / False
1. When the number of trinucleotide repeats in a gene is significantly above normal, it can produce a mutant phenotype.
a.
True
b.
False
True
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
expansion.
2. Nonsense mutations change termination codons into amino acid codons.
a.
True
b.
False
False
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
3. PBDEs have not been linked directly to cancer in test animals.
a.
True
b.
False
True
11-1 Are Some Flame Retardants Dangerous?
4. Halogen-containing organic compounds persist in the environment for approximately five years.
a.
True
b.
False
False
11-1 Are Some Flame Retardants Dangerous?
5. A mutation of an autosomal recessive trait can remain undetected for generations.
a.
True
b.
False
True
11-3 Detecting Mutations and Measuring Mutation Rates
6. Mutations in germ cells are passed on only to other germ cells in members of future generations.
a.
True
b.
False
False
11-2 Mutations Are Heritable Changes in DNA
7. Most often, radiation doses are expressed in terms of damage.
a.
True
b.
False
True
11-4 Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced
8. Control systems in the cell can induce cell suicide, or apoptosis, in cells with excessive DNA damage.
a.
True
b.
False
True
11-6 Mutations Can Be Repaired
9. People with cystic fibrosis display a single phenotype for the disorder.
a.
True
b.
False
False
11-7 Mutations, Genotypes, and Phenotypes
phenotypes.
10. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a cell growth disorder that causes enlarged organs, high birth weight, and
predisposition to cancer.
a.
True
b.
False
11-8 Epigenetic Changes Involve Reversible Alterations to the Genome
Chapter 11 – Genome Alterations – Mutation and Epigenetics
Multiple Choice
11. New ____ mutations can often be detected by examining the inheritance of the trait in males.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
e
Bloom’s: Understand
11-3 Detecting Mutations and Measuring Mutation Rates
rates and list factors affecting those rates.
12. Mutation rates of human genes are expressed as the number of ____.
a.
nucleotides substitutions per gene
b.
frameshift mutations per genome
c.
mutated alleles per genome
d.
induced mutations per generation
e.
mutated alleles per gene in each generation
e
Bloom’s: Understand
11-3 Detecting Mutations and Measuring Mutation Rates
rates and list factors affecting those rates.
13. What is the largest single source of radiation exposure for the average person in the U.S.?
a.
radon
b.
medical X-rays
c.
cosmic
d.
nuclear medicine
e.
consumer products
a
Bloom’s: Remember
11-4 Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced
mutations associated with each cause.
14. What occurs in a missense mutation?
a.
All of the amino acids beyond the mutation point are changed.
b.
A nucleotide is added to the DNA.
c.
A nucleotide is deleted from the DNA.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome as an example.
Chapter 11 – Genome Alterations – Mutation and Epigenetics
d.
A single amino acid is substituted for another in a protein.
e.
The protein is always completely nonfunctional.
d
Bloom’s: Understand
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
and describe the different types and possible consequences of each.
15. Mutagenic chemicals that ____ and are incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis are called base analogs.
a.
resemble nucleotides
b.
resemble genes
c.
resemble amino acids
d.
cause deletion mutations
e.
cause frameshift mutations
a
Bloom’s: Understand
11-4 Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced
mutations associated with each cause.
16. If a genetic disorder appears in a family with no prior history, and is fully expressed by everyone carrying that allele, it
is most likely a(n) ____ trait.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a
Bloom’s: Understand
11-3 Detecting Mutations and Measuring Mutation Rates
source of an autosomal recessive mutation.
17. When ____ is incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis, it will create a(n) ____.
a.
carbon; base analog
b.
oxygen; base analog
c.
5-bromouracil; nucleotide substitution mutation
d.
5-bromouracil; frameshift mutation
e.
oxygen; nucleotide substitution mutation
c
Bloom’s: Understand
mutations associated with each cause.
18. PBDEs are ____.
a.
permitted in many European countries but banned in the United States
b.
permitted in only one European country and in only 11 states in the United States
c.
banned worldwide but are still being used illegally
d.
banned in many European countries but permitted in most states in the United States
e.
banned in many Europeans countries and all states in the United States
d
Bloom’s: Remember
11-1 Are Some Flame Retardants Dangerous?
possible negative health effects on humans and other animals.
19. Several lines of research provide strong evidence that ____ to environmental signals influence behavior.
a.
epigenetic responses
b.
epigenetic feedback
c.
base analog reconstruction due
d.
base analog reactions
e.
base analog responses
Bloom’s: Understand
11-8 Epigenetic Changes Involve Reversible Alterations to the Genome
20. Genetic imprinting is caused by ____.
a.
insertion of a nucleotide into an exon
b.
deletion of an amino acid from the mRNA strand
c.
a frameshift mutation
d.
epigenetic changes to DNA
e.
a change in a termination codon
d
Bloom’s: Understand
11-8 Epigenetic Changes Involve Reversible Alterations to the Genome
phenotypic expression.
21. Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that ____.
a.
do not occur in the germ cells
b.
do not occur in the somatic cells
c.
are always chemically induced
d.
are always spontaneous
e.
can be passed on to daughter cells
Bloom’s: Understand
22. As radiation strikes molecules in cells, it creates ____.
a.
charged atoms called isotopes
b.
charged atoms called ions
c.
excess storage of tRNA
d.
excess copies of mRNA
e.
excess DNA polymerase
b
Bloom’s: Understand
11-4 Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced
mutations associated with each cause.
23. As DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand, it can ____.
a.
detect an incorrect nucleotide
b.
not detect an incorrect nucleotide
c.
induce apoptosis when it detects a mistake in DNA synthesis
d.
induce senescence when it detects a mistake in DNA synthesis
e.
immediately stop the cell cycle
Bloom’s: Understand
11-6 Mutations Can Be Repaired
24. Several genetic disorders, including Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia, are caused by mutations in ____.
a.
the cell wall
b.
mitochondrial DNA
c.
ribosome structure
d.
DNA repair genes
e.
DNA polymerase genes
d
Bloom’s: Understand
11-6 Mutations Can Be Repaired
25. In sickle cell anemia, affected individuals carry ____.
a.
one of several different nucleotide substitutions
b.
the same single nucleotide substitution
c.
more than one nucleotide substitution
11-2 Mutations Are Heritable Changes in DNA
Chapter 11 – Genome Alterations – Mutation and Epigenetics
d.
a number of mutant alleles
e.
one mutant allele in several genes
b
Bloom’s: Understand
11-7 Mutations, Genotypes, and Phenotypes
phenotypes.
26. Identical twins have identical ____, but they do not always have identical ____.
a.
mitochondrial DNA; genotypes
b.
genotypes; mitochondrial DNA
c.
genotypes; phenotypes
d.
phenotypes; genotypes
e.
phenotypes; mitochondrial DNA
Bloom’s: Understand
11-8 Epigenetic Changes Involve Reversible Alterations to the Genome
epigenetic modifications and mutations.
27. A promoter is a regulatory region located at the ____.
a.
beginning of a gene
b.
end of a gene
c.
beginning of a chromosome
d.
centromere of a chromosome
e.
end of a chromosome
Bloom’s: Understand
11-8 Epigenetic Changes Involve Reversible Alterations to the Genome
epigenetic modifications and mutations.
28. Because there was no previous history of hemophilia in Queen Victoria’s family, and because she transmitted the
mutant allele to a number of her children, it is reasonable to assume that ____.
a.
her father was homozygous for the disorder
b.
her mother was homozygous for the disorder
c.
her sister was a heterozygous carrier
d.
she was homozygous for the disorder
e.
she was a heterozygous carrier
Bloom’s: Understand
determine the origin of an abnormal phenotype, and explain why it is difficult to identify the
29. Frameshift mutations change the number of ____ in the gene and usually cause large-scale changes in the ____
sequence of the protein.
a.
polypeptides; nucleotide
b.
amino acids; allelic
c.
alleles; amino acid
d.
nucleotides; amino acid
e.
amino acids; nucleotide
d
Bloom’s: Understand
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
and describe the different types and possible consequences of each.
30. Sense mutations produce ____.
a.
elongated proteins
b.
shortened proteins
c.
extra termination codons
d.
frameshifts
e.
cell death
a
Bloom’s: Understand
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
and describe the different types and possible consequences of each.
Completion
31. ____________________ are mutations involving the increase of the number of repeat sequences in genes.
Allelic expansions
Bloom’s: Understand
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
expansion.
32. Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a gene causes a type of mutation called a(n) ____________________ mutation.
frameshift
Bloom’s: Understand
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
and describe the different types and possible consequences of each.
33. Selective expression of either the maternal or paternal copy of a gene is called ____________________.
genetic imprinting
Bloom’s: Remember
source of an autosomal recessive mutation.
34. The ability of DNA polymerase to repair its own nucleotide mismatches is called ____________________.
35. Mutations in ____________________ cells will be passed on by cell division, but cannot be transmitted to future
generations.
36. Radiation in the environment that contributes to radiation exposure is called ____________________ radiation.
37. A purine or pyrimidine that differs in chemical structure from those normally found in DNA or RNA is called a(n)
____________________.
38. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome results from abnormalities of ____________________.
39. The epigenetic state of a cell is called its ____________________.
40. In the 1970s, children’s pajamas were treated with a(n) ____________________ called tris-BP.
41. Tris–BP was banned after the discovery that the chemical caused cancer in test animals and was
____________________ through the ____________________ by those wearing treated clothing.
42. The process by which electromagnetic energy travels through space is called ____.
43. When the direct method of measuring mutation rates is used, estimates are made for a specific
____________________ over a number of ____________________.
44. An individual with cystic fibrosis carrying two different mutant alleles would be a(n) ____________________
heterozygote for the disease.
45. A form of mutation associated with the expansion in copy number of a nucleotide triplet in or near a gene is called
a(n) ____________________.
46. Indirect methods for measuring mutation rates make inferences from levels of genetic variation between and among
____________________.
47. Nucleotide substitutions are mutations that alter the ____________________, but not the ____________________, of
nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
48. A cell that accumulates lots of mutational damage to its DNA may escape the normal controls of the cell cycle and
become ____________________.
49. Many cases of epigenetic modification involve adding a methyl group to the DNA in promoters, a process called
____________________.
50. Individuals with ____________________ are extremely sensitive to sunlight and develop skin cancer at a rate 1000
times above normal.
Chapter 11 – Genome Alterations – Mutation and Epigenetics
Essay
51. Explain why individuals with cystic fibrosis have different levels of severity of the disease.
52. Explain how, when improper base pairing escapes repair by the proofreading system, cells are able to detect and repair
mutations.
53. Summarize some factors known to influence mutation rates of genes.
54. Discuss how geneticists have concluded that the X-linked form of hemophilia that spread through the royal families of
Western Europe and Russia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries probably originated with Queen Victoria.
55. Explain what might occur when purine or pyrimidine bases in nucleotides undergo tautomeric shifts.
11-4 Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced
56. Summarize the arguments both for and against irradiating foods.
11-4 Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced
57. Explain why a frameshift mutation can have such devastating effects.
11-5 Mutations at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target
58. Distinguish between sense and nonsense mutations and describe the characteristics of a protein affected by each type
of mutation.
Chapter 11 – Genome Alterations – Mutation and Epigenetics
59. Describe how an epigenetic trait differs from a mutated trait.
60. Summarize research conducted in order to identify how epigenetic changes might affect the risks of depression and
suicide in certain individuals. Comment on the limitations of this study.