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Chapter 11 - Water Resources and Water Pollution
54. What causes a child to die every 18 seconds, on average, from diarrhea?
a.
disease-causing agents
b.
poor hygiene
c.
contaminated food sources
d.
contaminated drinking water
e.
malnutrition
55. What class of pollutant are acids, salts, and metals?
a.
oxygen-demanding wastes
b.
organic plant nutrients
c.
inorganic plant nutrients
d.
inorganic chemicals
e.
sediment
56. What class of pollutant can cause excessive growth of algae?
a.
sediments from land erosion
b.
oxygen-demanding wastes from sewage and animal feedlots
c.
plant nutrients from industry, farms, and households
d.
organic chemicals from industry, farms, and households
e.
infectious agents from human and animal wastes
57. What decreases photosynthesis in bodies of water?
a.
disease-causing organisms
b.
inorganic plant nutrients
c.
eroded sediment such as soil or silt
d.
heat
e.
organic chemicals
58. What causes cultural eutrophication?
a.
natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake
b.
blooms of algae
c.
increase in aerobic bacteria
d.
increase of plants such as duckweed
e.
input of nutrients from human activities
59. Eighty-five percent of what exists near major U. S. population centers and have some degree of cultural
eutrophication?
a.
coastal waters
b.
rivers
c.
large lakes
d.
ponds
e.
streams
60. What can take decades to thousands of years to cleanse itself of slowly degradable wastes?
a.
lakes
b.
soil
c.
groundwater
d.
oil contaminated surface waters
e.
urban waterways
61. What is the only effective way to protect groundwater?
a.
pollution prevention
b.
community-based local clean up
c.
bioremediation
d.
sewage treatment
e.
stream restoration
62. What aquatic ecosystem receives the vast majority of the global inputs of pollution?
a.
benthic zone of abyssal plain
b.
swiftly flowing stream
c.
deep-water ocean
d.
coastal parts of the ocean
e.
slow-moving river
63. What aquatic ecosystem is most capable of diluting, dispersing, and degrading large amounts of sewage, sludge, and
oil?
a.
estuary
b.
swiftly flowing stream
c.
deep-water ocean
d.
coastal parts of the ocean
e.
slow-moving river
64. The majority of the oil pollution of the ocean comes from ____.
a.
blowouts (rupture of a borehole of an oil rig in the ocean)
b.
tanker accidents
c.
environmental terrorism
d.
runoff from land
e.
normal operation of offshore wells
65. What does the EPA discharge trading policy use to reduce pollution?
a.
stocks and bonds
b.
tax credits
c.
public policy statements
d.
fair trade laws
Chapter 11 - Water Resources and Water Pollution
e.
market forces
66. How do composting toilet systems help improve sewage treatment?
a.
Sewage flows into a passive solar greenhouse.
b.
Waste is converted to a soil-like humus that can be used as a fertilizer.
c.
Water passes through an artificial marsh made of sand and gravel filtering out organic waste.
d.
Household sewage and wastewater is pumped into a settling tank.
e.
Aerobic bacteria remove as much as dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen- demanding organic wastes.
67. What is one characteristic of ecological sewage systems as opposed to most current sewage systems?
a.
Less centralized systems of underground sewage pipes
b.
Higher water and chlorination bills
c.
More difficult to clean up leaks and pollution
d.
More energy needed to pump and purify water
e.
Less political and community action involved for implementation
68. What are the main sources of lead, mercury and arsenic water pollutants?
a.
electric power plants
b.
unlined landfills, household chemicals, mining refuse and industrial discharges
c.
sewage and inorganic fertilizers
d.
runoff from streets and parking lots
e.
land erosion from farms that have used chemical insecticides
69. How is an oxygen sag curve created?
a.
unlined landfills, household chemicals, mining refuse, and industrial discharges
b.
breakdown of biodegradable wastes by bacteria depletes dissolved oxygen
c.
bacteria from livestock and food-processing wastes, and excess salts from soils of irrigated cropland
d.
major erosion of sediments and runoff of toxic chemicals
Chapter 11 - Water Resources and Water Pollution
e.
animal feedlots, food-processing facilities, paper mills
70. ____________________ are deep underground sources of freshwater found between the porous geological layers of
sand, gravel, or bedrock.
71. When a lot of water is pumped from an aquifer, or when there is a drought, the ____________________ may become
lowered.
72. The process called ____________________ involves removing dissolved salts from ocean water to increase supplies
of freshwater.
73. The area of land adjacent to a stream called a(n) ____________________.
74. One of the most serious overdrafts of groundwater is in the United States in the lower half of the
________________aquifer.
75. ____________________ is the process where bodies of water are enriched with natural nutrients.
76. Withdrawing massive amounts of groundwater can cause land elevation to become lower, which is also called
____________________.
77. Government ____________________ keep the price of water so low that users do not worry about wasting water.
78. In the United States, ____________________ supply nearly all of the drinking water in rural areas.
79. Human activities can greatly accelerate the rate at which nutrients and organic substances enter aquatic ecosystems
from their surrounding watersheds in a process called _________________________.
80. Spaces in rock and soil called the zone of ____________________ are completely filled with water.
81. The LifeStraw is a portable ____________________ that eliminates many bacteria and viruses, making water safer to
drink.
82. When South Africa raised water prices, low-income consumers were helped be establishing ____________________,
which give each household a set amount of free or low-priced water to meet basic needs.
83. The desalination process called ____________________ (or microfiltration) uses high pressure to force saltwater
through a filter that removes the salt and other impurities.
84. The cold temperatures of ____________________ slow down chemical reactions that decompose wastes.
85. When chemical pollutants reach a(n) ____________________, successful cleanup is often not possible or is too
expensive.
86. Damaging algal blooms occur annually in several hundred ____________________ zones around the globe within
temperate coastal waters and in large bodies of water with restricted outflows.
87. In the spring and summer of each year a(n) ____________________ occurs off the U.S. coast in the Gulf of Mexico
mostly because of nitrates and crop fertilizers.
88. ___________________ sewage treatment systems are those that work with nature and are sustainable alternatives to
conventional systems.
89. Pollution from synthetic inorganic fertilizers and pesticides can be prevented through ____________________
farming.
90. Runoff of eroded soil and chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides from cropland, feedlots, logged forests,
urban streets, parking lots, lawns, and golf courses are examples of __________ sources.
91. Why might the location of the city of Las Vegas in the southwest desert be considered unsustainable? Consider using
information about water scarcity and stress found in Chapter 11 Water Resources and Water Pollution.
92. Briefly explain how ecological sewage treatment systems work and how they are advantageous over conventional
sewage treatment systems.
93. Make a list of at least four major water pollutants and their sources.
94. How will climate change contribute to water pollution?
95. What are the three major reasons why the Colorado River system will be directly affected by current drought
conditions?
96. Explain what causes an oxygen sag curve and how this can impact natural populations in that ecosystem.
97. Explain how soil erosion, associated with poor agricultural practices, can lead to a decrease in dissolved oxygen in
bodies of water.
98. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of large dams and reservoirs.
99. List at least five things you are willing to do to help eliminate water waste. As part of your answer explain why these
things are important.
100. Discuss the major issues associated with freshwater resources in the United States.
