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d. his chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease will be less than those of men in
their 70s.
20. Which of the following is NOT a risk for Alzheimer’s disease?
a. high educational level
b. Type 2 diabetes
c. having a head injury
d. experiencing prolonged bouts of inflammation during one’s life
21. As Alzheimer’s disease progresses to the latter stages, patients are more likely to develop
a. anger at others.
b. depression.
c. incontinence.
d. self-anger.
22. Drugs are most often given to Alzheimer’s patients
a. to delay the progress of cognitive and psychological impairment.
b. to reverse cognitive impairment.
c. for their placebo effect.
d. to prevent wandering.
23. Feelings of loss that Alzheimer’s caregivers experience often begin
a. with the diagnosis.
b. when memory loss becomes apparent.
c. when the patient no longer recognizes the caregiver.
d. when the patient dies.
24. Insulin is
a. a neurotransmitter.
b. a hormone.
c. an endogenous opioid.
d. an exogenous opioid.
25. Glucagon acts to ____, and insulin acts to _____.
a. stimulate the stomach . . . stimulate the pancreas
b. increase hunger . . . decrease hunger
c. decrease blood sugar levels . . . increase blood sugar level
d. stimulate the release of glucose . . . take glucose into cells
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26. The ______ of the pancreas produce glucagon and insulin.
a. islet cells
b. mellitus cells
c. diabetes cells
d. both a and b
27. _____ is the disorder caused by insulin deficiency.
a. Pancreatitis
b. Appendicitis
c. Diabetes Mellitus
d. Glucagon
28. Anna has had diabetes for over thirty years, is of a healthy weight, and manages her
diabetes by regular insulin injections. Anna most likely has
a. Type 1 Diabetes
b. Type 2 Diabetes
c. Gestational Diabetes
d. Adult-Onset Diabetes
29. Kyle has had diabetes for the past five years, is overweight, and manages his diabetes by
attempting to eat healthier and taking daily medication. Kyle most likely has
a. Type 1 Diabetes
b. Type 2 Diabetes
c. Gestational Diabetes
d. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
30. _____ diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, representing ____ of all cases of
diabetes.
a. Type 1; 70-80%
b. Type 1; 90-95%
c. Type 2; 70-80%
d. Type 2; 90-95%
31. All of the following may be health complications that stem from Type 2 diabetes
EXCEPT:
a. damage to the retina
b. damage to blood vessels
c. damage to kidneys
d. damage to short-term memory functioning
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32. The leading cause of death for those with Type 2 diabetes is
a. renal failure.
b. pancreatic cancer.
c. cardiovascular disease.
d. renal cell carcinoma.
33. Interventions aimed at teaching diabetes patients to manage their _______ can also help
improve their management of blood sugar levels.
a. depression
b. stress
c. anxiety
d. both a and b
34. The psychosocial factor most strongly tied to poor diabetes management is:
a. social support
b. depression
c. anxiety
d. weight
35. Which ethnic group has the lowest risk for Type 2 diabetes?
a. Asian Americans
b. African Americans
c. Hispanic Americans
d. European Americans
36. What health problem is NOT associated with diabetes?
a. cardiovascular disease
b. blindness
c. kidney disease
d. gum disease
37. One of the difficulties that children and adolescents face in coping with diabetes is that
a. most parents fail to accept their child’s disorder.
b. they do not have the cognitive sophistication to plan their regimens.
c. they may resist adhering to the dietary restrictions and exercise requirements.
d. children fear the long-term complications of diabetes.
38. Amy, a 10-year-old 5th grade student, has been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Which
of these added problems would be of LEAST concern?
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a. losing significant levels of her cognitive functioning
b. adopting a regular time eating schedule
c. refraining from eating some of her favorite fools
d. adopting a regular exercise program
39. Health psychology’s involvement with diabetes has included
a. understanding how diabetics conceptualize their illness.
b. understanding the effects of stress on blood glucose metabolism.
c. helping diabetics understand the requirements for managing diabetes.
d. all of these.
40. Which of the following statements is best supported by the research evidence?
a. The number of stressful life events has a direct and powerful effect on blood
glucose regulation.
b. Stress management makes a small but significant impact on blood glucose levels.
c. Stress management is not useful in the management of diabetes, even though
stress affects blood glucose levels in most diabetics.
d. No evidence has shown a relationship between stress and blood glucose levels.
41. The lifestyle changes that are necessary to manage diabetes are essentially a problem of
a. adherence.
b. stress management.
c. weight control.
d. exercise.
42. With regard to the perception of glucose levels, most diabetics
a. develop effective strategies that allow them to predict their insulin needs.
b. have inaccurate beliefs about blood glucose levels.
c. with Type 1 diabetes have more accurate beliefs than those with Type 2 diabetes.
d. would prefer to turn their care over to professionals rather than learn self-
monitoring.
43. Psychologists are most likely to help diabetic patients through
a. providing educational material.
b. regulating their physical activity program.
c. improving their adherence to their treatment regimen.
d. teaching them how to self-administer insulin.
44. A chronic intermittent disorder that causes constriction of the bronchial tubes, thus
preventing air from passing freely is
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a. asthma.
b. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
c. pneumonia.
d. influenza.
45. The ____ model hypothesizes that genetic vulnerability interacts with environmental
factors to stimulate asthmatic reactions.
a. hardiness
b. hierarchy of needs
c. diathesis-stress
d. allergy
46. The hygiene hypothesis holds that asthma is a result of _____ that has become common
in modern society.
a. cleanliness
b. cigarette smoking
c. industrial pollution
d. dust mites
47. Which ethnic group has the highest rates of asthma?
a. European Americans
b. African Americans
c. Asian Americans
d. Hispanic Americans
48. Which age group has the highest rates of asthma?
a. 5-17 years olds
b. 20-30 years olds
c. 40-50 years olds
d. 60+ year olds
49. Children who grew up exposed to more bacteria and fungi than other children are
_________.
a. less likely to have asthma
b. more likely to have asthma
c. more likely to have asthma, but then outgrow it.
d. more likely to get asthma when young than old.
50. All of the following are risk factors for asthma EXCEPT:
a. obesity
b. sedentary lifestyle
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c. living in a developed country
d. living in a rural area
51. Possible risk factors for asthma include
a. high levels of physical fitness.
b. being European American.
c. living in a rural area.
d. obesity.
52. Triggers for an asthmatic attack are LEAST likely to include
a. newspaper ink.
b. cigarette smoke.
c. dust mites.
d. chemical sprays.
53. Common to both diabetes and asthma are
a. triggers.
b. problems of adherence.
c. insulin injections.
d. troubles in breathing.
54. The primary factor in asthma treatment is
a. maintaining adherence to medication.
b. changing the patient’s environment.
c. smoking cessation.
d. early hospitalization.
55. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a. is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
b. is a mutated form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1900s.
c. is an altered form of pneumonia that first appeared in Africa.
d. causes the human immunodeficiency virus.
56. Death from AIDS is due to
a. a direct effect of the deadliness of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
b. the destruction of the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to a variety of
infections, any of which can be fatal.
c. poor medical care for those infected.
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d. the tendency of those who are infected to avoid medical care until a critical stage
of infection has been reached.
57. Of the various types of AIDS, the one most frequently found in the Africa is
a. HIV-1.
b. HIV-2.
c. HIV-3.
d. HIV-4.
58. Since 1993, death rates from AIDS in the United States have declined due to
a. a drop in the incidence of AIDS.
b. a shorter survival time of AIDS patients.
c. a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual men.
d. a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual women.
59. During the decade from 1995 to 2005, the incidence of HIV infection grew fastest for
a. male-male sexual contact.
b. male-female sexual contact.
c. injection drug use among men.
d. injection drug use among women.
60. The proportion of new HIV cases in the United States has decreased most for
a. Hispanic American women.
b. injection drug users.
c. African American women.
d. gay men.
61. Women now account for about ___ of all HIV cases in the United States.
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 20%
d. 33%
62. HIV usually progresses over a decade or more; the longest phase in its development is
characterized by
a. a period of latency in which the person experiences few, if any, symptoms.
b. symptoms of fever, sore throat, skin rash, and headache.
c. a cluster of symptoms, including swollen lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, night
sweats, and loss of appetite.
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d. a CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count of less than 200.
63. Donna has been experiencing night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, fever, loss of appetite,
persistent diarrhea, a painful skin rash, and white spots in her mouth. She is currently in a
monogamous relationship with her boyfriend whom she has known for six months. As
her friend, you should tell her
a. that women in monogamous sexual relationships do not contact the HIV virus.
b. to get bed rest until her symptoms disappear.
c. to get tested for HIV infection.
d. that she is probably in the first stage of HIV infection.
64. Which of the following is NOT likely to result in HIV infection?
a. sharing eating utensils with someone who is infected
b. receiving a blood transfusion from someone who is infected
c. having sexual intercourse with someone who is infected
d. all of these are high-risk behaviors
65. Some sexual behaviors are more likely to spread HIV infection than other behaviors.
Which of the following is the highest risk?
a. kissing
b. anal intercourse
c. vaginal intercourse
d. all of these are high-risk behaviors
66. The largest number of HIV cases in the United States has come through
a. male-male sexual contact.
b. male-female sexual contact.
c. injection drug use.
d. blood transfusions.
67. Injection drug use
a. is responsible for HIV infection for more women than men.
b. is the leading cause of HIV infection worldwide.
c. affects African Americans and Hispanic Americans more than European
Americans.
d. dropped from the leading cause of HIV infection to the least likely mode of
infection during the late 1990s.
68. Heterosexual sex is more likely to
a. spread HIV infection than sharing needles.
b. lead to HIV infection in women than in men.
c. lead to HIV infection in men than in women.
d. spread HIV infection than homosexual sex.
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69. Which group currently accounts for more than half of HIV transmissions?
a. Male-male sexual contact
b. Male-female sexual contact
c. Injection drug use
d. Transmission from mother to baby
70. Heterosexual contact is the leading source of HIV infection in _______.
a. the United States
b. Africa
c. Eastern Europe
d. Russia
71. Most protective measures to prevent transmission of HIV include ways to
a. prevent exchange of body fluids.
b. isolate the infected people.
c. reduce the amount of sexual activity, especially among gay men and lesbians.
d. avoid gay men and lesbians.
72. Behaviors that will protect the largest number of people against HIV include
a. limiting the number of sex partners and using condoms.
b. avoiding giving blood and blood transfusions.
c. avoiding drug use and avoiding homosexuals.
d. avoiding people who have AIDS.
73. Those AIDS patients who have better psychological adjustment to their situation
a. contacted HIV through injection drug use rather than male-male sexual contact.
b. contacted HIV through heterosexual contact rather than male-male sexual contact.
c. have avoidance coping styles.
d. have active coping styles.
74. The concept of the “good death”
a. includes some control over end-of-life issues.
b. includes access to palliative care.
c. includes continuing efforts to sustain life through life support.
d. both a and b
75. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross proposed five stages of dying. Research has indicated that
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a. the denial stage is the longest of the five stages.
b. people experience the reactions described in the stages but not in the order she
proposed.
c. most people skip the bargaining stage.
d. most people do not reach the acceptance stage.
76. For a person with a terminal illness, a personal re-examination of his or her life
a. usually leads to disintegration and despair.
b. often causes a loss of personal relationships and social support.
c. may lead the person to find a new meaning in his or her life.
d. is typically different for people with cancer than for people with heart disease.
77. Which is true regarding how the quality of death affects those left behind?
a. Spouses of those who died a “good death” experience less anger.
b. Spouses of those who died a “good death” experience less yearning.
c. Spouses of those who were not able to die a “good death” experienced less anger.
d. Spouses and family of those who died a “good death” felt little grief.
78. All of the following were characterized as responses to bereavement EXCEPT
a. resiliency.
b. acute-recovery.
c. improvement.
d. denial.
79. Most adults exhibit__________ following a death of a loved one.
a. resiliency
b. acute-recovery
c. improvement
d. chronic low levels of well-being
80. Those who show improvement following the death of a loved one, usually have gained
_______.
a. resiliency
b. acute-recovery
c. improvement
d. denial
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True/False Questions
1. Both early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease have a genetic component.
2. Individuals who experience meaning and personal growth through loss and grief may also
experience less depression and greater well-being.
3. Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease has a higher incidence rate than late–onset Alzheimer’s
disease.
4. Alzheimer’s caregivers experience distress and poor physical health but this decreases as soon
as caregiving ends.
5. Type 2 diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes.
6. The incidence of Type 2 diabetes is decreasing for children and adolescents.
7. Type 1 diabetes requires a special diet; Type 2 diabetes does not.
8. People with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus often “outgrow” their diabetes.
9. The primary goal of asthma is minimizing the individual’s asthma attacks.
10. The progression from HIV infection to AIDS runs a similar timeline for every person—
around 5 years.
11. AIDS is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States.
12. In the United States, prevalence of HIV is increasing while incidence is decreasing.
13. Advancing age is the leading risk factor for heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s.
14. There are set stages of feelings and emotions that individuals pass through as they grieve for
a loved one.
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1. Discuss how the feelings of grief and loss apply to chronic illness. Are there any positive
aspects to chronic illness?
2. What types of behavioral interventions can help Alzheimer’s patients? Their families?
3. What behavioral factors are important in the management of diabetes?
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4. What are the major challenges to people with asthma in managing their disease?
5. What is the role of health psychologists in the AIDS epidemic?
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6. Compare the processes involved with adjusting to chronic illness and facing death.