64) In Herzberg’s view, removing a hygiene factor makes a person less dissatisfied with his or
her job.
65) McClelland proposed that people with a high nAch simply want to do things better than other
people.
66) McClelland thinks that having a high nAch guarantees that a person will be a good manager.
67) In a short essay, explain the concept of motivation with respect to an organization. Then
identify and describe the three key aspects of motivation.
68) In a short essay, list and discuss how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory works.
69) In a short essay, discuss why improving extrinsic hygiene factors does not, according to
Herzberg, improve employee satisfaction with a job.
70) Which is the best summary of goal-setting theory?
A) Goals make no difference in performance.
B) Specific goals increase performance.
C) Always make your goals very difficult to reach.
D) Easy goals make for happier employees.
71) Setting goals definitely seems to ________.
A) increase performance and motivation
B) increase motivation but not performance
C) decrease performance but increase motivation
D) decrease motivation and performance
72) In goal-setting theory, which of the following is the best kind of feedback?
A) feedback from a superior
B) feedback from a peer
C) self-generated feedback
D) group feedback
73) In which kinds of cultures does goal-setting theory work best?
A) high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance
B) low power distance, high uncertainty avoidance
C) high power distance, low uncertainty avoidance
D) low power distance, low uncertainty avoidance
74) Goal-setting tends to do well in ________, where its basic ideas align well with general
cultural values.
A) North America
B) South America
C) India and China
D) the Middle East
75) The job characteristics model (JCM) maintains that ________ is critical to motivating
workers.
A) how workers are treated
B) how jobs are designed
C) equal treatment for all
D) setting goals
76) The JCM contends that meaningful work is ________.
A) high paying
B) always difficult
C) considered important and valuable by the worker
D) considered unimportant to managers
77) The JCM contends that ________ are required in meaningful work.
A) skill variety, task identity, and task significance
B) skill variety, autonomy, and feedback
C) task identity, autonomy, and feedback
D) task significance, autonomy, and feedback
78) The JCM contends that these dimensions are required for a high level of motivation among
workers.
A) high pay, autonomy, feedback
B) meaningful work, autonomy, feedback
C) meaningful work, autonomy, independence
D) autonomy, feedback, good management
79) Autonomy is important in the JCM because it gives the worker ________.
A) time to finish the job
B) help from fellow employees
C) flexibility in dealing with managers
D) a sense of personal responsibility
80) In the JCM, motivation and satisfaction increase when this is true.
A) The employee feels good about herself.
B) The employee cares about the task.
C) The employee feels rewarded.
D) The employee feels like she belongs.
81) Job enrichment in the JCM seems to work best with people who have ________.
A) a low growth need
B) a high growth need
C) no growth need
D) a variable growth need
82) A theory that suggests that employees compare their inputs and outputs from a job to the
ratio of relevant others is known as ________.
A) action motivation
B) goal setting
C) reinforcement theory
D) equity theory
83) Equity theory is based primarily on ideas about which of the following?
A) objectivity
B) the importance of work
C) fairness
D) automation
84) Equity theory recognizes that individuals are concerned with ________.
A) making enough money to live on
B) employers sharing profits
C) comparing their rewards to those of others
D) justice for all people who work
85) Equity theory uses the ratio of output you get from your job to the amount of ________.
A) input you put into your job
B) output a referent gets from a job
C) benefit you get from your job
D) compensation you get from your job
86) Equity theory compares your own outcomes-to-input ratio to that of ________.
A) your boss
B) a referent
C) the input-to-output ratio of another worker
D) the input-to-output ratio of an idealized worker
87) A referent in equity theory refers to which of the following?
A) a theoretical worker
B) other people and systems only
C) oneself only
D) other people, systems, or oneself
88) In equity theory, a worker’s “self” category refers to ________.
A) the standards and expectations of other workers
B) their comparisons to the highest paid worker they know
C) their comparisons to the lowest paid worker they know
D) the person’s own inputs-outcomes ratios
89) Inequity exists when one’s own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent.
A) is greater than but not less than
B) is less than but not greater than
C) is equal to
D) is greater than or less than
90) Equity exists when one’s own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the referent.
A) is greater than
B) is less than
C) is equal to
D) is greater than or less than
91) In equity theory, an under-rewarded individual ________ the work he or she does.
A) is paid too much for
B) is paid too little for
C) is paid fairly for
D) does not complain about
92) Under-rewarded inequity exists when one’s own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of
the referent.
A) is greater than
B) is less than
C) is equal to
D) is greater than or equal to
93) Over-rewarded inequity exists when one’s own outcomes-to-input ratio ________ that of the
referent.
A) is greater than
B) is less than
C) is equal to
D) is greater than or equal to
94) In equity theory, distributive justice is concerned with which of the following?
A) comparing one individual to an entire system
B) comparing output-to-input ratios among individuals
C) comparing output-to-input ratios among large groups
D) comparing fairness between different cultures
95) In equity theory, procedural justice is concerned with which of the following?
A) determining how fair the system is
B) determining how honest one’s boss is
C) comparing output-to-input ratios among individuals
D) comparing fairness between different organizations
96) In equity theory, an under-rewarded individual is likely to ________.
A) have high motivation to show his or her value to the organization
B) lack motivation because he or she does not receive enough reward for what he or she does
C) have just the right motivation to get the job done
D) have high motivation due to high self-esteem
97) The first variable in expectancy theory involves how much effort a person must exert to
________.
A) receive a given reward
B) attain a certain level of performance
C) finish the job in the shortest period of time
D) finish the job with the lowest possible standards
98) The second variable in expectancy theory requires the worker to ask him- or herself: If I
perform at a given level, how likely is it that I will ________?
A) attain the reward or outcome I am looking for
B) value a promotion if I get it
C) be treated fairly
D) be noticed by my superiors
99) The third variable in expectancy theory requires the worker to ask him– or herself which
question?
A) How likely am I to attain this outcome?
B) What do I need to do to attain this outcome?
C) How important is this outcome to me?
D) How important is this outcome to the organization I work for?
100) In expectancy theory, a person may have the ability to reach a certain goal but lack
motivation because ________.
A) the goal is too easy
B) the goal is too hard
C) the person’s desire to reach the goal is too strong
D) the person has no strong desire to reach the goal
101) A key element of expectancy theory might be summarized by saying ________.
A) most people are motivated by money
B) everyone is always motivated by fear of failure
C) everyone is motivated by the same thing
D) different rewards motivate people in different ways
102) The key to expectancy theory is that an individual’s goals ________.
A) are not too high
B) are not too high and not too low
C) match the goals of fellow workers and superiors
D) match the rewards provided by the organization
103) If salespeople in John’s company meet their sales goals for the month, they are given an all-
expense-paid trip to a Denver Broncos football game. Football is not one of John’s favorite
sports, and the Denver Broncos are definitely not John’s favorite team. John’s performance might
be influenced by the ________ part of Vroom’s expectancy theory.
A) effort-performance linkage
B) performance-reward linkage
C) effort-reward linkage
D) attractiveness
104) Katie has just been asked to type up a report in two days using a software program she has
never seen before. Katie wonders if she will be able to get her project accomplished on time and
in the format wanted by her manager. This is an example of which variable in Vroom’s
expectancy theory?
A) effort-performance linkage
B) performance-reward linkage
C) valence-reward linkage
D) attractiveness
105) Which of the following theories of motivation is seen as the most comprehensive?
A) JCM theory
B) expectancy theory
C) equity theory
D) goal-setting theory
106) The integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading features the following
basic sequence.
A) effort → performance → rewards → individual goals
B) effort → equity → goals → needs
C) needs → factors → extrinsic factors → individual goals
D) needs → goals → individual effort → organizational goals
107) The integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading predicts strong
motivation for an individual to perform when the reward is based on ________.
A) seniority or years of service in the organization
B) personal favorites of top managers
C) performance above all factors
D) likability of the worker
108) In the integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading, high achievers
circumvent the entire sequence of steps for motivation because ________.
A) they are motivated by the organization’s assessment of their performance
B) they are internally motivated, not motivated by rewards
C) they are motivated by rewards only, not by internal factors
D) their only goal is domination
109) In the integrated model for motivation as shown in the chapter reading, how do
reinforcement theory and equity theory figure in?
A) Appropriate rewards reinforce a high level of performance.
B) Underrewarding results in “hungry” employees who will work harder.
C) Overrewarding results in “satisfied” employees who will work harder.
D) Reinforcement and equity theories do not influence motivation.