Chapter 10 – The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
1. Why is a relatively large percentage of blood (in excess of need) sometimes directed to the skin?
a.
to eliminate wastes
b.
to eliminate heat
c.
to pick up nutrients
d.
to cleanse the blood
e.
to produce vitamin D
Bloom’s: Remember
10.1 Patterns and Physics of Blood Flow
2. What are the three blood reconditioning organs?
a.
large bowel, spleen, kidneys
b.
large bowel, spleen, skin
c.
stomach, kidneys, skin
d.
digestive organs, kidneys, skin
e.
digestive organs, spleen, bone marrow
3. Flow rate of blood through a vessel is inversely proportional to:
a.
vascular resistance
b.
vascular gradient
c.
pressure gradient
d.
pressure back flow
e.
vessel strength
Bloom’s: Remember
10.1 Patterns and Physics of Blood Flow
4. The major determinant of resistance to blood flow is the:
a.
percentage of red blood cells
b.
blood’s pH level
c.
blood vessel’s strength
d.
blood vessel’s percentage of smooth muscle
e.
blood vessel’s radius
Bloom’s: Remember
10.1 Patterns and Physics of Blood Flow
HUPH.SHER.16.10.1.2 – Specify the relationship between blood flow, pressure gradient, and
5. The factors that affect flow rate through a vessel are integrated within what law?
a.
Poiseuille’s law
b.
Pascal’s law
c.
Cushing’s law
d.
laws of thermodynamics
e.
law of gravity
a
Bloom’s: Remember
10.1 Patterns and Physics of Blood Flow
6. Approximately how many arterioles are there in the average human body?
a.
10,000
b.
50,000
c.
500,000
d.
5 million
e.
10 billion
c
Bloom’s: Remember
10.2 Arteries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.2 – Summarize the two specific tasks of the arteries
7. What is the inner most layer of an artery made of?
a.
connective tissue
b.
smooth muscle
c.
endothelium
d.
elastin fibers
e.
collagen fibers
c
Bloom’s: Remember
10.2 Arteries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.2 – Summarize the two specific tasks of the arteries
8. What provides arteries with tensile strength?
a.
elastin fibers
b.
collagen fibers
c.
glucosamine
d.
smooth muscle
e.
valves
Bloom’s: Remember
10.2 Arteries
resistance
9. The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries is when blood is ejected into them during:
a.
inhalation
b.
exhalation
c.
exercise
d.
diastole
e.
systole
e
10.2 Arteries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.2.1 – Discuss how arterial pressure fluctuates
10. While measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, where is the stethoscope placed?
a.
beneath the radial artery
b.
above the brachial plexus
c.
over the ulnar
d.
over the brachial artery
e.
over the radial artery
10.2 Arteries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.2.2 – Explain the use of a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure
11. The extent of contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle depends on the cytosolic concentration of what element?
a.
iron
b.
phosphorus
c.
potassium
d.
magnesium
e.
calcium
e
10.3 Arterioles
HUPH.SHER.16.10.3 – Describe arterioles as the main resistance vessels in the vascular tree
12. Vasoconstriction is associated with:
a.
decreased sympathetic nervous system stimulation
b.
increased oxygen levels and myogenic activity
c.
increased carbon dioxide and nitric oxide levels
d.
decreased oxygen levels and myogenic activity
e.
decreased endothelin and nitric oxide levels
10.3 Arterioles
HUPH.SHER.16.10.2.1 – Discuss how arterial pressure fluctuates
13. Vasodilation is associated with:
a.
increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation
b.
increased carbon dioxide and nitric oxide levels
c.
increased oxygen levels and myogenic activity
d.
decreased nitric oxide levels and increased histamine release
e.
decreased carbon dioxide and myogenic activity
10.3 Arterioles
HUPH.SHER.16.10.3 – Describe arterioles as the main resistance vessels in the vascular tree
14. What vasoactive chemicals do arteriolar endothelial cells release?
a.
paracrines
b.
histamines
c.
adrenal hormones
d.
neurotransmitters
e.
acetylcholine
a
10.3 Arterioles
15. What compound brings about local arteriolar vasodilation by causing relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle in the
vicinity?
a.
sodium chloride
b.
acetylcholine
c.
nitric oxide
d.
dopamine
e.
endothelin
c
10.3 Arterioles
radius
16. What is the most potent vasoconstricting paracrine yet identified?
a.
cyclic GMP
b.
acetylcholine
c.
nitric oxide
d.
dopamine
e.
endothelin
e
HUPH.SHER.16.10.3 – Describe arterioles as the main resistance vessels in the vascular tree
17. Local arteriolar myogenic and chemical mechanisms that keep tissue blood flow fairly constant (despite rather wide
deviations in mean arterial driving pressure) is termed:
a.
hemo-control
b.
autoregulation
c.
hemo-stimulation
d.
pararegulation
e.
sympathetic balance
10.3 Arterioles
18. What part of the body doesn’t have α1 receptors within its arterioles?
a.
the brain
b.
the kidneys
c.
the small intestine
d.
the skin
e.
the heart
a
10.3 Arterioles
19. With the exception of the brain, how are materials exchanged across capillary walls elsewhere in the body?
a.
by carrier-mediated transport systems
b.
by active protein carriers
c.
by capillary shuttles
d.
mainly by diffusion
e.
mainly by membrane binding
10.4 Capillaries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.4.1 – Describe the three factors that enhance diffusion across capillaries
20. How thick are capillary walls?
a.
1 micrometer
b.
10 micrometers
c.
100 micrometers
10.3 Arterioles
radius
Chapter 10 – The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
d.
1 millimeter
e.
10 millimeters
a
Bloom’s: Remember
10.4 Capillaries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.4.1 – Describe the three factors that enhance diffusion across capillaries
21. How many capillaries are within a human body?
a.
between 100 to 250 million
b.
750 million
c.
between 1 to 2.5 billion
d.
5 billion
e.
between 10 to 40 billion
e
Bloom’s: Remember
10.4 Capillaries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.4.1 – Describe the three factors that enhance diffusion across capillaries
22. At any point in time, what percentage of the body’s total blood volume is within capillaries?
a.
0.5%
b.
2%
c.
5%
d.
10%
e.
15%
c
Bloom’s: Remember
10.4 Capillaries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.4 – Describe the importance of capillaries as sites of exchange
23. The large holes within the leaky capillaries of the kidneys and intestines are known as:
a.
micro pores
b.
macro pores
c.
Fick’s funnels
d.
fenestrations
e.
capillary beds
Bloom’s: Remember
10.4 Capillaries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.4.2 – Discuss the leakiness of capillaries of four different pore sizes
24. What are precapillary sphincters made of?
a.
connective tissue
b.
elastin fibers
c.
collagen fibers
Chapter 10 – The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
d.
endothelial cells
e.
a ring of smooth muscle cells
e
10.4 Capillaries
25. When pressure inside the capillary exceeds pressure on the outside, fluid is pushed out through the pores in a process
known as:
a.
passive diffusion
b.
ultrafiltration
c.
active osmosis
d.
phagocytosis
e.
infusion
10.4 Capillaries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.4.4 – Describe four forces that influence bulk flow
26. Where does the extra fluid filtered out of the capillaries go?
a.
blood
b.
urine
c.
lymphatic system
d.
spleen
e.
spinal canal
c
10.4 Capillaries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.4.5 – Describe four important functions of the lymphatic system
27. What happens to blood flow as it approaches the heart?
a.
speeds up
b.
slows down
c.
pools
d.
becomes thicker
e.
becomes thinner
a
10.5 Veins
HUPH.SHER.16.10.5 – Summarize two functions of the venous system
28. Under resting conditions, what percent of the body’s total blood volume is within the venous system?
a.
60%
b.
54%
Chapter 10 – The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
c.
48%
d.
40%
e.
33%
a
10.5 Veins
HUPH.SHER.16.10.5 – Summarize two functions of the venous system
29. By the time the blood enters the venous system, blood pressure averages only:
a.
10 mm Hg
b.
17 mm Hg
c.
27 mm Hg
d.
30 mm Hg
e.
50 mm Hg
10.5 Veins
HUPH.SHER.16.10.5.1 – Describe the six factors that enhance venous return
30. What does a closed venous valve prevent?
a.
escape of blood from the vessel
b.
muscle contraction
c.
hypertension
d.
backflow of lymph
e.
backflow of blood
e
10.5 Veins
HUPH.SHER.16.10.5.1 – Describe the six factors that enhance venous return
31. On average, how far apart are the one–way valves in large veins?
a.
1 mm intervals
b.
5-8 mm intervals
c.
1 cm intervals
d.
2-4 cm intervals
e.
8 cm intervals
10.5 Veins
HUPH.SHER.16.10.5.1 – Describe the six factors that enhance venous return
32. What is the mechanism called that pushes blood from the lower veins to the chest veins due to a pressure difference?
a.
chest flow
b.
chest gradient
Chapter 10 – The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
c.
chest pump
d.
respiratory pump
e.
respiratory gradient
10.5 Veins
HUPH.SHER.16.10.5.1 – Describe the six factors that enhance venous return
33. Which hormone controls water balance in the bloodstream?
a.
vasopressin
b.
renin
c.
angiotensin
d.
aldosterone
e.
dopamine
a
10.6 Blood Pressure
HUPH.SHER.16.10.6.2 – Identify eleven factors that influence blood pressure
34. Mean arterial pressure within the circulatory system is constantly monitored by:
a.
heart sensors
b.
baroreceptors
c.
endothelial cells
d.
pressure sinuses
e.
ganglions
10.6 Blood Pressure
35. Where are the chemoreceptors located that are sensitive to low oxygen or high acid levels in the blood?
a.
medulla in the brain stem
b.
right atrium
c.
carotid and aortic arteries
d.
apex of the heart
e.
vena cava
c
10.6 Blood Pressure
responses that influence the cardiovascular system and blood pressure
36. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above:
a.
120/70 mm Hg
Chapter 10 – The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
b.
130/75 mm Hg
c.
140/90 mm Hg
d.
150/95 mm Hg
e.
160/100 mm Hg
c
10.6 Blood Pressure
HUPH.SHER.16.10.6.5 – Describe the two broad classes of hypertension
37. Circulatory shock from extensive loss of blood volume is known as:
a.
cardiogenic shock
b.
vasogenic shock
c.
neurogenic shock
d.
extensive shock
e.
hypovolemic shock
e
10.6 Blood Pressure
HUPH.SHER.16.10.6.6 – List the four causes for circulatory shock
38. The most important baroreceptors involved in the moment-to-moment regulation of blood pressure are located in the:
a.
medulla and glossopharyngeal nerve
b.
internal carotid and vagus nerve
c.
carotid sinus and aortic arch
d.
glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
e.
medulla and carotid sinus
c
10.6 Blood Pressure
HUPH.SHER.16.10.6.6 – List the four causes for circulatory shock
39. Following severe loss of blood, how long does it take for red blood cells to be replaced?
a.
a few hours
b.
at least 1 day
c.
at least 1 week
d.
at least 1 month
e.
about 45 days
c
10.6 Blood Pressure
40. What harmful compound does the pancreas release when it does not get enough blood due to circulatory shock?
a.
vasopressin
Chapter 10 – The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
b.
acetylcholine
c.
protease
d.
myocardial toxic factor
e.
insulin
10.6 Blood Pressure
shock
41. Large percentages of the cardiac output are distributed to the kidneys in order to eliminate metabolic wastes and adjust
water and electrolyte composition.
a.
True
b.
False
42. Viscosity refers to the friction developed between the molecules of a fluid as they slide over each other during flow of
the fluid.
a.
True
b.
False
True
10.1 Patterns and Physics of Blood Flow
43. Arteries carry blood from the organs towards the heart.
a.
True
b.
False
False
10.1 Patterns and Physics of Blood Flow
HUPH.SHER.16.10.1.3 – List the five components of the vascular tree
44. Although ventricular pressure falls to 0 mm Hg during diastole, arterial pressure does not fall to 0 mm Hg because the
next cardiac contraction refills the arteries before all the blood drains off.
a.
True
b.
False
True
10.2 Arteries
HUPH.SHER.16.10.2.1 – Discuss how arterial pressure fluctuates
45. During systole, no blood enters the arteries, while blood continues to leave, driven by elastic recoil.
a.
True
b.
False
False
46. At resting heart rate, about 80% of the cardiac cycle is spent in systole and 20% in diastole.
a.
True
b.
False
False
47. The systolic pressure is the peak pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is pumped into them during ventricular
systole.
a.
True
b.
False
True
48. When a tissue’s blood supply is blocked, carbon dioxide levels decrease in the deprived tissue.
a.
True
b.
False
False
49. Decreased blood flow in response to enhanced tissue activity is called active hyperemia.
a.
True
b.
False
False
50. When shear stress increases, endothelial cells release nitric oxide, which diffuses to the underlying smooth muscle and
promotes vasodilation.
a.
True
b.
False