Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
3.
Materials purchased:
60,000 kilograms
4.
Total actual labor costs:
$306,600
5.
Actual hours of labor:
36,500 hours
6.
Material usage variance:
$2,250 U
7.
Total material variance:
$450 U
Compute the following:
A.
Labor rate variance
B.
Labor efficiency variance
C.
Actual kilograms of material used in the production process
D.
Actual cost paid per kilogram of material
Labor
Rate
Variance
* $306,600 labor cost / 36,500 hours worked = $8.40 per hour
Labor
Efficiency
Variance
** 5,800 units produced × 6 hrs allowed = 34,800
Materials
Usage
Variance
*** 5,800 units × 10 kg. per unit
# working back: $2,250 / $4.50 = 500 kg.
The actual kg. would be 58,500 (58,000 + 500). The unfavorable variance is added to standard.
Materials
Price
Variance
## $1,800 / 60,000 = $0.03 (rounded)
Working back: $4.50 − $.03 = $4.47 (Favorable variance is subtracted from standard)
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
151. Gardener’s Market manufactures hedgers. During the year, it manufactured 5,000 hedgers, using 4.2 hours of direct
labor per hedger at a rate of $8. The materials and labor standards for manufacturing the hedgers are:
Direct materials (10 units @ $2)
$20
Direct labor (4 hours @ $7.50 per hour)
30
Gardener’s Market actually purchased and used 53,000 units of direct materials at a price of $2.25 per unit.
Required:
A.
Determine the materials price variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
B.
Determine the materials usage variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
C.
Determine the labor rate variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
A.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= ($2.25 − $2.00) × 53,000
= $13,250 U
B.
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (53,000 − 50,000) × $2
= $6,000 U
C.
= (AR − SR) × AH
= ($8.00 − $7.50) × 21,000
= $10,500 U
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= $7,500 U
152. Rhodes Corporation manufactures a product with the following standard costs:
Direct materials (20 yards @ $1.85 per yard)
$37.00
Direct labor (4 hours @ $12.00 per hour)
48.00
Standards are based on normal monthly production involving 2,000 direct labor hours (500 units of output).
The following information pertains to July:
Direct materials purchased (16,000 yards @ $1.80 per yard)
$28,800
Direct materials used (9,400 yards)
Direct labor (1,880 hours @ $12.20 per hour)
22,936
Actual production in July: 460 units
Required:
A.
Compute the following variances for the month of July, indicating whether each variance
is favorable or unfavorable:
1.
Materials purchase price variance
2.
Materials usage variance
3.
Labor rate variance
4.
Labor efficiency variance
B.
Give potential reasons for each of the variances. Be sure to consider inter-relationships
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
among variances.
Materials purchase price variance = (Actual unit price − standard unit price) × actual
Materials purchase price variance = ($1.80 − $1.85) × 16,000 = $800 favorable
(actual price less than standard price)
Materials quantity variance = (Actual quantity of materials used − standard quantity of
Materials quantity variance = (9,400 − 9,200*) × $1.85 = $370 unfavorable
(actual quantity exceeds standard quantity)
* 460 units × 20 yards per unit = 9,200
Labor rate variance = (Actual rate per hour − standard rate per hour) × Actual hours
Labor rate variance = ($12.20 − $12.00) × 1,880 = $376 unfavorable
(actual rate exceeds standard rate)
Labor efficiency variance = (Actual hours worked − standard hours allowed) × standard
Labor efficiency variance = (1,880 − 1,840**) × $12.00 = $480 unfavorable
(actual hours exceed standard hours allowed)
153. Dog’s Best Friend manufactures dog food. During the month, it manufactured 3,000 bags of kibble, using 0.25 hour
of direct labor per bag at a rate of $9.00 per hour. The materials and labor standards for manufacturing the bags of kibble
are:
Direct materials (1 pound of beef @ $1.00 per pound)
$1.00
Direct materials (1 bag @ $0.25)
0.25
Direct labor (0.30 hour @ $9.00)
2.70
The company actually used 3,300 pounds of beef at a price of $1.10 per pound. It also purchased 3,000 bags at a price of
$0.15 per bag.
A.
Determine the total materials price variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
B.
Determine the materials usage variance for beef and whether it is favorable or
unfavorable.
C.
Determine the labor rate variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
A.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= $330 U
= ($0.15 − $0.25) × 3,000
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
154. Mersey Company produced 1,000 trash cans during March using 450 direct labor hours and purchased and used
3,100 pounds of rubber. Its materials and labor standards are:
Direct materials (3 pounds of rubber @ $0.50)
$1.50
Direct labor (0.5 hours @ $16.00)
3.00
Its materials price variance was a favorable $620 and its labor rate variance was an unfavorable $900.
A.
Calculate the actual price per unit.
B.
Calculate the actual labor rate.
C.
Determine the materials usage variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
A.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= (AP − $0.50) × 3,100
AP
= $0.30 per pound
B.
= (AR − SR) × AH
= (AR − $16.00) × 450
AR
= $18.00 per hour
C.
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (3,100 − 3,000) × $0.50
= $50 U
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (450 − 500) × $16
= $800 F
155. Pontefract Company produced 2,500 widgets during November using 4,000 units of materials at a cost of $5.00 each.
It also used 5,000 direct labor hours at a rate of $7.00. Its direct materials standard is 2 units per widget. Its direct labor
standard is 2.5 hours per widget.
Its materials price variance was a favorable $8,000 and its labor rate variance was an unfavorable $1,000.
A.
Calculate the standard materials price per unit.
B.
Calculate the standard labor rate.
= $300 F
Total MPV
= $30 U
B.
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (3,300 − 3,000) × $1.00
= $300 U
C.
= (AR − SR) × AH
= ($9.00 − $9.00) × 750
= $0 Neither favorable nor unfavorable
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (750 − 900) × $9.00
= $1,350 F
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
C.
Determine the materials usage variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
A.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= ($5.00 − SP) × 4,000
= $7.00 per pound
B.
LRV
= (AR − SR) × AH
$1,000
= ($7.00 − SR) × 5,000
= $6.80 per hour
C.
MUV
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (4,000 − 5,000) × $7.00
= $7,000 F
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (5,000 − 6,250) × $6.80
= $8,500 F
156. Just Right Inc. produces jeans. The following standards have been established:
Direct materials (4 yards of denim @ $1.20)
$4.80
Direct labor (1.5 hours @ $9)
$13.50
Standard prime cost
$18.30
During the year 25,000 pairs of jeans were produced. 150,000 yards of denim were purchased and used at $1.23 per yard.
Actual direct labor hours were 36,800 at $9.25 per hour.
Required:
A. Compute the materials variances and indicate if they are favorable or
unfavorable.
B. Compute the labor variances and indicate if they are favorable or unfavorable.
C. Prepare the journal entries for the following:
Purchase of raw materials
Issuance of raw materials
Addition of labor to Work in Process
Closing of variances to Cost of Goods Sold
A.
($1.23 – $1.20) × 150,000 = $4,500 U
MUV = (AQ – SQ) × SP
(150,000 – 100,000) × $1.20 = $60,000 U
B.
LRV = (AR – SR) × AH
($9.25 – $9.00) × 36,800 = $9,200 U
(36,800 – 37,500) × $9 = $6,300 F
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
C.
Materials Price Variance
Accounts Payable
Work in Process
Materials Usage Variance
Materials
Work in Process
Labor Rate Variance
Labor Efficiency Variance
Accrued Payroll
Cost of Goods Sold
Materials Price Variance
Materials Usage Variance
Labor Rate Variance
Labor Efficiency Variance
Cost of Goods Sold
157. During April, Rain Gear Unlimited produced 5,500 umbrellas from nylon that costs $0.45 per yard, which is $0.05
cheaper than the standard cost. It also used 3,000 direct labor hours at a rate of $6.50. Its direct materials standard is 1
yard per umbrella. Its direct labor standard is 0.5 hour per umbrella.
Its materials usage variance was a favorable $500 and its labor rate variance was a favorable $900.
A.
Calculate the actual quantity of materials.
B.
Calculate the standard labor rate.
C.
Determine the materials price variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
E.
Record the entries for the materials purchase, the issuance and usage of materials, and the
labor variances.
F.
Provide the closing entries.
A.
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (AQ − 5,500) × $0.50
AQ
= 4,500
B.
= (AR − SR) × AH
= ($6.50 − SR) × 3,000
= $6.80 per hour
C.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= ($0.45 − $0.50) × 4,500
= $225 F
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (3,000 − 2,750) × $6.80
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
158. Eider Company has the following information:
Direct Materials:
Direct Labor:
Standard Quantity
100,000
Standard Hours
1,000
Actual Quantity
99,500
Actual Hours
1,050
Standard Price
$5
Standard Rate
$12
Actual Price
$4
Actual Rate
$13
A.
Determine the materials price variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
B.
Determine the materials usage variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
C.
Determine the labor rate variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
E.
Provide the journal entries to record the purchase of materials, the issuance and usage of
materials, and direct labor variances.
F.
Provide the closing entries for the immaterial variances.
A.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= ($4 − $5) × 99,500
= $99,500 F
B.
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (99,500 − 100,000) × $5
= $2,500 F
= $1,700 U
(4,500 × $0.50)
Accounts Payable
Work in Process
Materials Usage Variance
Materials
Work in Process
(0.5 × 5,500 × $6.80)
Labor Efficiency
Labor Rate Variance
Accrued Payroll
Cost of Goods Sold
Labor Efficiency Variance
Materials Price
Materials Usage
Labor Rate Variance
Cost of Goods Sold
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
C.
LRV
= (AR − SR) × AH
= ($13 − $12) × 1,050
= $1,050 U
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (1,050 − 1,000) × $12
= $600 U
Materials
497,500
Materials Price Variance
99,500
Accounts Payable
398,000
Work in Process
500,000
Materials Usage Variance
2,500
Materials
497,500
Work in Process
12,000
Labor Efficiency Variance
Labor Rate Variance
1,050
Accrued Payroll
13,650
Cost of Goods Sold
1,650
Labor Efficiency Variance
Labor Rate Variance
1,050
Materials Usage Variance
2,500
Cost of Goods Sold
2,500
159. The Cat’s Meow manufactures gourmet cat food. During the month, it manufactured 5,000 cans of tuna, using 0.10
hours of direct labor per can at a rate of $8.00 per hour. The materials and labor standards for manufacturing the cans of
tuna are as follows:
Direct materials (1 pound of tuna @ $0.50 per pound)
$0.50
Direct materials (1 can @ $0.35)
0.35
Direct labor (0.20 hour @ $7.00)
1.40
The company actually used 4,900 pounds of tuna at a price of $0.65 per pound. It also purchased 5,000 cans at a price of
$0.45 per can.
A.
Determine the total materials price variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
B.
Determine the materials usage variance for tuna and whether it is favorable or
unfavorable.
C.
Determine the labor rate variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
E.
Make all necessary journal entries to record the purchase of materials, the issuance and
usage of materials, and the direct labor variances.
F.
Provide the closing entries.
A.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= ($0.65 − $0.50) × 4,900
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
160. Grandma’s Attic Company produces soft pillows made from goose down. The company uses a standard cost system
and has set the following standards for materials and labor for each pillow:
Feathers from 5 large white geese (5 geese @ $5)
$25
Fabric to make pillow cases (3 yards @ $2)
6
Direct labor (5 hours @ $8)
40
Total prime cost
$71
During the month, the company produced 1,000 goose down pillows. Actual geese purchased were 5,100, at $4 per goose.
Actual fabric purchased was 2,900 yards at $2.10 per yard. There were no beginning or ending inventories of geese or
fabric. Actual direct labor was 5,200 hours at $7.75 per hour.
A.
Determine the total materials price variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
B.
Determine the total materials usage variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
= $735 U
= ($0.45 − $0.35) × 5,000
= $500 U
Total MPV
= $1,235 U
B.
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (4,900 − 5,000) × $0.50
= $50 F
C.
= (AR − SR) × AH
= ($8.00 − $7.00) × 500
= $500 U
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (500 − 1,000) × $7.00
= $3,500 F
Materials Price Variance
Accounts Payable
Work in Process
Materials Usage Variance
Materials
Work in Process
Labor Rate Variance
Labor Efficiency Variance
Accrued Payroll
Cost of Goods Sold
Materials Price Variance
Labor Rate Variance
Materials Usage Variance
Cost of Goods Sold
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
C.
Determine the labor rate variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
D.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
E.
Make all necessary journal entries to record the purchase of materials, the issuance and
usage of materials, and the direct labor variances.
F.
Provide the closing entries.
A.
= (AP − SP) × AQ
= ($4.00 − $5.00) × 5,100
= $5,100 F
= ($2.10 − $2.00) × 2,900
= $290 U
Total MPV Variance
= $5,100 − $290 = $4,810 F
B.
MUV for Geese
= (AQ − SQ) × SP
= (5,100 − 5,000) × $5
= $500 U
MUV for Fabric
= (2,900 − 3,000) × $2
= $200 F
Total MUV
= $500 U − $200 F = $300 U
C.
= (AR − SR) × AH
= ($7.75 − $8.00) × 5,200
= $1,300 F
D.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (5,200 − 5,000) × $8.00
= $1,600 U
Accounts Payable
Work in Process
Work in Process
Labor Efficiency
Labor Rate Variance
Accrued Payroll
Cost of Goods Sold
Materials Usage Variance
Labor Efficiency Variance
Labor Rate Variance
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
161. Stratford Company inspects every steam iron it manufactures for safety issues. The standard labor cost is $12 per
hour. The maintenance standard at the beginning of the first quarter is 20 minutes per iron. Stratford is implementing a
new production process that will aid in reducing any potential electrical defects in the irons. This will decrease the
inspection time to 15 minutes per iron. After the end of the first quarter, the new process had reduced the inspection time
per iron from 20 minutes to 14 minutes.
A.
Identify the kaizen and maintenance labor standards in place at the beginning of the first
quarter. Express the standards in both physical and financial terms.
B.
Calculate the expected cost reduction and actual cost reduction.
Maintenance:
Physical standard: 20 minutes
Financial standard: $4.00 ($12 × 20 / 60 hours)
Kaizen:
Physical standard: 15 minutes
Financial standard: $3.00 ($12 × 15 / 60 hours)
B.
Expected cost reduction: $4.00 − $3.00 = $1.00 per unit
Actual cost reduction: $4.00 − ($12 × 14 / 60 hours) = $1.20 per unit
162. Wiltshire Limited produces woolen blankets and clothing. During Year 1, Wiltshire produced 10,000 items of
blankets and clothing using 4,250 bundles of wool at a price of $10 per bundle.
Standard bundles of wool
4,000
Standard price
$20 per bundle
The difference between the actual quantity of materials and the standard quantity of materials is due to waste. At the end
of Year 1, Wiltshire developed a new process that would cut down on the waste by 60%. By the end of Year 2, the
company had actually cut down its waste by 50%.
A.
Identify the kaizen and materials standards in place at the beginning of Year 2. Express
the standards in both physical and financial terms.
B.
Calculate the expected cost reduction.
C.
Calculate the actual cost reduction.
Materials:
Physical standard:
4,000 bundles
Financial standard:
$85,000
($20 × 4,250)
Kaizen:
Physical standard:
4,100 bundles
4,250 − [(4,250 − 4,000) × 60%]
Financial standard:
$82,000
($20 × 4,100)
B.
Expected cost reduction: $85,000 − $82,000 = $3,000
C.
Actual cost reduction: $85,000 − $82,500 = $2,500
4,250 − [(4,250 − 4,000) × 50%] = 4,125 bundles
4,125 × $20 = $82,500
Cost of Goods Sold
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
163. Overland Automotive Company is considering on manufacturing a new brand of car. Given the current product and
process designs, the cost data are:
Direct materials costs (per car)
$10,000
Direct labor costs (per car)
$ 3,000
Overhead costs (per car)
$ 4,000
The company expects the selling price to be $20,000 and has set a target profit of $5,000.
A supplier told Overland that it could purchase a couple of similar components under a different brand name at a lower
price. This would result in cost savings of $2,000 per car. Furthermore, the company found that it could redesign its
manufacturing process to cut down on both inspection labor and worker labor, which would result in cost savings of
$1,000 per car.
A.
Calculate Overland’s target cost.
B.
Calculate the total costs per car after Overland redesigns its processes and schedules to
buy cost-saving components.
C.
Should Overland manufacture the car? Calculate the expected profit after the cost savings
are taken into account.
A.
$20,000 − $5,000 = $15,000
B.
Direct materials costs
$10,000
Direct labor costs
3,000
Overhead costs
4,000
$17,000
Value analysis
Process redesign
1,000
Total Costs
$14,000
C.
164. Anderson Company has the following information concerning its direct labor:
Direct Labor:
Standard Hours
6,500
Actual Hours
6,350
Standard Rate
$15
Actual Rate
$18
A.
Determine the labor rate variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
B.
Determine the labor efficiency variance and whether it is favorable or unfavorable.
C.
Provide the journal entry for the labor variances.
A.
= (AR − SR) × AH
= ($18 − $15) × 6,350
= $19,050 U
B.
= (AH − SH) × SR
= (6,350 − 6,500) × $15
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
You decide
165. Explain the three potential sources of quantitative standards.
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
Quantity Standards
b.
Ideal Standards
c.
Price Standards
d.
Standard Cost Sheet
e.
Upper Control Limit
f.
Currently Attainable Standards
g.
Kaizen Standards
166. Standards of perfection that require absolute efficiency.
167. Standards that are rigorous but achievable and reflect reasonable efficiency.
168. These reflect the amount that should be paid for the quantity of input to be used.
169. These reflect the amount of input that should be used per unit of output.
170. A tool used to provide the production data needed to calculate the standard unit cost.
171. This is the standard plus the allowable deviation when determining whether variances are significant.
172. This reflects the planned improvement that is set, which will help reduce nonvalue-added costs.
Match the variance with its correct calculation.
a.
Actual Quantity × Actual Price
= $2,250 F
Work in Process (6,500 × $15,000)
Labor Rate Variance
Labor Efficiency Variance
Accrued Payroll
Chapter 10 – Standard Costing: A Managerial Tool
b.
(Actual Hours × Actual Rate) − (Standard Hours × Standard Rate)
c.
(Actual Quantity × Actual Price) − (Standard Quantity × Standard Price)
d.
(Actual Hours − Standard Hours) × Standard Rate
e.
(Actual Price − Standard Price) × Actual Quantity
f.
Standard Quantity × Standard Price
g.
(Actual Rate − Standard Rate) × Actual Hours
h.
(Actual Quantity − Standard Quantity) × Standard Price
173. Actual Costs
174. Budgeted Costs
175. Total Materials Variance
176. Materials Price Variance
177. Materials Usage Variance
178. Labor Rate Variance
179. Labor Efficiency Variance
180. Total Direct Labor Variance