1. Contemporary theories of counseling:
a. are grounded on assumptions that are a part of Eastern culture.
b. emphasize the uniqueness of the individual, self-assertion, and ego strength.
c. focus on interdependence and losing self in the totality of the cosmos.
d. emphasizes the social and cultural facts of human existence.
2. Practicing counseling without an explicit theoretical rationale is somewhat like:
a. driving a car with a GPS device.
b. trying to sail a boat without a rudder.
c. flying a plane without a co-pilot.
d. taking a train ride.
3. When a counselor works in a managed care system, client’s goals need to be:
a. long-term and all encompassing.
b. aimed at character reconstruction.
c. geared toward the client gaining insight into his or her problems and movement toward self-actualization.
d. highly specific, limited to reduction of problematic symptoms, and often aimed at teaching coping skills.
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4. ____________ is a general term covering the process of identifying an emotional or behavioral problem and making
a statement about the current status of a client.
a. Medical diagnosis
b. Differential diagnosis
c. Psychodiagnosis
d. Cognitive appraisal
5. Practitioners who argue AGAINST diagnosis:
a. claim that DSM labels stigmatize people.
b. are likely to be psychoanalytically oriented therapists.
c. often work in community mental health centers.
d. are likely to work for a managed care system.
6. Practitioners must have a clear understanding of ______________ and have a sense of the expected outcomes of
their interventions.
a. the creativity behind the techniques they employ
b. the client’s family members
c. the techniques they employ
d. the client’s entire life story
7. Which of the following is NOT true concerning therapeutic use of the DSM-5 to diagnose clients?
a. Emphasis is on pathology, deficits, limitations, problems, and symptoms.
b. Rather than using a multiaxial system, a nonaxial documentation of diagnosis has been created.
c. It is based on the assumption that distress in a family or social context is the result of individual pathology.
d. It is based on a systemic approach that views the source of distress as being within the entire system rather
than on the individual.
8. It is an ethical, and sometimes legal, obligation of therapists to be mindful that a medical evaluation is many times
indicated. Which of the following is NOT a reason to refer for a medical evaluation?
a. Dementia
b. Schizophrenia
c. Manic-depression
d. Marital discord
9. Empirical research _________the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to
psychotherapy outcomes.
a. downplays
b. exaggerates
c. consistently supports
d. inconsistently supports
10. According to professional ethical principles on testing, it would be unethical for a counselor to:
a. perform testing and assessment services for which they have not been adequately trained.
b. develop, administer, score, interpret, or use assessment procedures that are appropriate for the situation.
c. test within the client’s socialized behavioral or cognitive patterns.
d. consider the validity of a given test and interpret data in the context of the cultural characteristics of the client.
11. ____________ is based on a medical model of mental illness that defines problems as residing with the individual
rather than in society. It does not take into account the political, economic, social, and cultural factors in the lives of
clients.
a. The DSM
b. V-codes
c. Confidentiality
d. Informed consent
12. ____________ is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient
characteristics, culture, and preferences.
a. Feminist therapy
b. Evidence-based practice
c. Behavior practice
d. Systemic therapy
13. The purpose in using a technique is to:
a. facilitate movement.
b. impress clients with your creativity and skill.
c. help clients rationalize their feelings.
d. trigger strong emotions.
14. Maria, a Mexican American woman, will live with her parents until she marries. A culturally competent and sensitive
counselor will understand that:
a. Maria’s parents are enmeshed in her life.
b. Maria is afraid to live alone.
c. Maria must move out of her parents home if she wants to truly be a healthy individual.
d. this may be a result of gender-role expectations in Maria’s family and not enmeshment.
15. Not possessing the competence to use the DSM-5 appropriately raises an ethical issue. Practitioners who use the
DSM diagnosis must be trained. This training requires learning more than diagnostic categories; it involves:
a. understanding V- and D-codes.
b. knowing how to make a diagnosis fit criteria accepted by an insurance company.
c. knowing how to work within some kind of diagnostic and assessment framework but not needing a clear
picture of the client’s problem.
d. knowing personality theory, psychopathology, and seeing how they relate to therapeutic practice.
16. A theoretical orientation is best described as:
a. a rigid framework that provides specific steps of how to conduct a counseling session.
b. a set of general guidelines that counselors can use to make sense of what they are hearing and what needs to
change.
c. a conceptualization of the intrapsychic structures that dictate a client’s behavior.
d. a set of techniques that can be used to promote behavioral changes.
17. Which of the following factors is NOT a best predictor of treatment outcome?
a. The client’s motivation
b. Severity of the client’s symptoms
c. The client-therapist relationship
d. Cost
18. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding evidence-based practice?
a. It is synonymous with the term “empirically-supported treatments.”
b. Psychodynamic therapy falls under the category of evidence-based practice.
c. Therapeutic interventions that are not considered “evidence-based practices” are unethical.
d. Clinical practice should not be based on the best available research.
19. ____________usesassessmenttounderstandtheclient’spatternofthinkingandtoidentifyselfdefeatingbeliefs.
a. Feminist therapy
b. Cognitive-behavioral approaches
c. Behavior therapy
d. Systemic therapies
20. When considering administrating or interpreting testing, in order to increase the likelihood you are practicing in a
culturally sensitive manner, it is important to pay attention to all of the following points EXCEPT:
a. be familiar with any test you use, preferably taking it yourself first.
b. know the standards pertaining to testing in your professions’ codes of ethics.
c. select, with your client’s help, appropriate tests while keeping in mind cultural issues with testing.
d. give clients the test scores only, suggesting they look online for results.
21. Which of the following statements has NOT been supported by research?
a. Therapy is helpful to the majority of clients.
b. Most people achieve some change relatively quickly in therapy.
c. Generally speaking, therapies achieve similar outcomes.
d. People change more due to specific factors.
22. The acronym DSM-5 stands for:
a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: 5th Edition
b. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases: 5th Edition
c. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Muscle Disorders: 5th Edition
d. Deviant Syndromes Manual: Treatment and Remediation: 5th Edition
23. ____________ consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to identify themes for further exploration.
a. Differential diagnosis
b. Psychological diagnosis
c. Assessment
d. Psychometric testing
24. The clinical interview serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT:
a. providing information on a client’s presenting problems.
b. giving glimpses of historical factors that may be contributing to the client’s condition.
c. providing a framework for making a differential diagnosis to determine whether an individual suffers from a
particular mental disorder.
d. providing the actual outcome of treatment.
25. ____________ believe that many symptoms stem from problems within the system rather than originating in the
individual.
a. Cognitive behavioral therapists
b. Cognitive therapists
c. Family systems therapists
d. Psychoanalysts
26. Katie has just accepted her first position as a counselor in a community agency. An agency policy requires her to
conductanintakeinterviewwitheachclient,determineadiagnosis,andestablishatreatmentplan—allinthefirst
session. Once a diagnosis is established, clinicians have a maximum of five more sessions with a given client. What
ethical and legal standards are possibly broken?
a. Ethical and legal standards requiring professionals to assess a client for at least five sessions before
diagnosing
b. Ethical and legal standards requiring professionals to carefully assess and accurately diagnose clients before
commencing any intervention
c. Ethical and legal standards requiring professionals to forgo diagnosing a client in order to properly treat the
problem
d. Ethical and legal standards requiring professionals to pick a diagnosis that fits a criteria in order for insurance
reimbursement
27. Some practitioners may over-diagnose, under-diagnose, or misdiagnose clients from marginalized groups. In order to
avoid these issues, counselors need to:
a. carefully consider all aspects of clients’ culture without considering clients’ past and present life
circumstances.
b. carefully consider the clients’ past and present life circumstances only.
c. carefully consider the clients’ decisions in life with no regard of culture.
d. carefully consider all aspects of clients’ culture in conjunction with clients’ past and present life circumstances.
28. ____________ is the process of distinguishing one form of mental disorders from another by determining which of
two (or more) disorders with similar symptoms the person is suffering from.
a. Differential diagnosis
b. Psychological diagnosis
c. Assessment
d. Psychometric testing
29. ____________ were developed for a wide range of psychological disorders. Their success ushered in the
movement toward empirically supported treatments and evidence-based practice.
a. Family systems therapies
b. Cognitive therapies
c. Treatment manuals
d. Behavioral therapies
30. Developing an approach to counseling is an ongoing and fluid process. Counselors in training tend to be drawn to a
particular theory initially but modify it as they gain experience. Ultimately, your counseling orientation and style must:
a. include some aspects of psychoanalytic theory.
b. be appropriate for the unique needs of your clients and for the type of counseling you do.
c. be a combination of all theories in the counseling field.
d. be appropriate for some clients; other clients will change to fit your counseling orientation and style.
31. The movement toward grounding psychotherapy practice on a scientific foundation led to the concept of:
a. differential diagnosis.
b. psychometric testing.
c. psychological diagnosis.
d. empirically supported treatments.
32. Practitioners who favor the use of diagnostic procedures argue that such procedures enable the therapists to:
a. attach a label to the client, which stigmatizes them.
b. identify a diagnosis that will follow the client for the rest of their life, possibly keeping them from being
accepted by any future insurance company.
c. identify a particular emotional or behavioral disorder, which helps in designing an appropriate treatment plan.
d. pick and choose which symptoms truly fit the client’s problems in order to create a diagnosis that will be
reimbursed by insurance and remain on the client’s record for possible future problems.
33. A _____________ assigned to clients can have implications for their employment or future employability status.
a. diagnosis
b. empirically supported treatment
c. assessment
d. treatment manual
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34. It is important to understand the common ___________ used in your profession, even if you choose not to use them
in your practice.
a. diagnoses
b. assessment tools
c. confidentiality
d. informed consent
35. Therapists have a legal, professional, and ethical obligation to assess whether clients may:
a. become completely healthy mentally within six sessions of treatment, never needing therapy again.
b. be covered by insurance only.
c. complete a treatment plan, including their goals for therapy, before the initial assessment.
d. pose a danger to themselves or others.