44. In providing health insurance for its employees, IBM is probably satisfying which level of need?
a. Physiological
b. Esteem
c. Self-realization
d. Safety
e. Social
45. Which of the following is not a level in Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs?
a. Self-actualization
b. Safety
c. Psychological
d. Social
e. Esteem
46. When Mary Smith accepted a position with Xerox Corporation in San Francisco, she knew little about what to
expect. However, all her fears soon dissolved. One week before she began, she received a thorough orientation to
the company, was introduced to her co–workers, was invited to lunch daily, and was encouraged to join a company-
sponsored employees’ club. Xerox seems to be satisfying Mary’s needs.
a. esteem
b. self-actualization
c. physiological
d. social
e. safety
47. A sense of belonging is a characteristic of which need level?
a. Social
b. Esteem
c. Self-actualization
d. Safety
e. Physiological
48. When Sara was recognized by the store manager at a store meeting for exceeding all of her past year’s objectives
and when the announcement of her promotion to assistant store manager was made, which need of hers was filled?
a. Safety
b. Physiological
c. Social
d. Esteem
e. Self-actualization
49. The need for esteem concerns an employee’s desire for
a. safety.
b. survival.
c. a sense of belonging.
d. self-worth.
e. self-direction.
50. A strong sense of accomplishment probably satisfies which level of need?
a. Physiological
b. Self-actualization
c. Social
d. Safety
e. Esteem
51. The U.S. Army’s motto to “be all that you can be” relates most closely to the level of needs.
a. self-actualization
b. esteem
c. physiological
d. social
e. safety
52. Cindy Jones worked as a welder for BCD Company for ten years before it changed its rigid tuition reimbursement
policy. This year, the new education support policy will allow her to take any course that interests her, not just a
course in her field of employment. She is very excited about this and has enrolled in two management courses. She
has always thought she had the ability to become a good manager. Cindy is attempting to satisfy her needs.
a. esteem
b. self-actualization
c. physiological
d. social
e. safety
53. The most difficult need to satisfy is
a. safety.
b. self-actualization.
c. esteem.
d. social.
e. physiological.
54. The need for self-actualization concerns an employee’s desire for
a. safety.
b. survival.
c. a sense of belonging.
d. self-worth.
e. becoming the best there is.
55. The motivation-hygiene theory was developed by
a. Herzberg.
b. McGregor.
c. Maslow.
d. Taylor.
e. Hawthorne.
56. The idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are distinct dimensions is referred to as
a. the hierarchy of needs.
b. Theory X and Theory Y.
c. scientific management.
d. the motivation-hygiene theory.
e. the reinforcement theory.
57. Lisa loves her work and feels that she is well recognized by her peers and superiors for the work that she does.
These motivation factors are for Lisa.
a. satisfiers
b. encouragers
c. rewards
d. bonuses
e. social fulfillment
58. Under Herzberg’s theory, when factors are present in the work environment, they act as satisfiers; when
factors are absent, they act as dissatisfiers.
a. Theory X; Theory Y
b. motivation; hygiene
c. physiological; self-realization
d. Theory Y; Theory X
e. hygiene; motivation
59. Which of the following is an example of Herzberg’s motivation factors?
a. Responsibility
b. Supervision
c. Pay
d. Working conditions
e. Job security
60. If Dow Chemical were to emphasize achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement for its employees, it
would be emphasizing
a. the soldiering method.
b. Theory X over Theory Y.
c. motivation factors.
d. mainly dissatisfiers.
e. hygiene factors.
61. All of the following are examples of Herzberg’s motivation factors except
a. achievement.
b. working conditions.
c. recognition.
d. responsibility.
e. advancement and growth.
62. All of the following are examples of Herzberg‘s hygiene factors except
a. responsibility.
b. supervision.
c. pay.
d. working conditions.
e. job security.
63. Which of the following is one of Herzberg’s hygiene factors?
a. Achievement
b. Working conditions
c. Recognition
d. Responsibility
e. Advancement
64. All of the following are examples of hygiene factors that can cause dissatisfaction except
a. supervision.
b. pay.
c. job security. d.
achievement. e.
both A and D.
65. Herzberg concluded from his studies that managers should focus on
from their employees.
a. motivation
b. hygiene
c. both motivation and hygiene
d. satisfier
e. working condition
factors to produce long-term dedication
66. The concepts of Theory X and Theory Y were advanced by
a. Douglas McGregor.
b. Abraham Maslow.
c. Frederick Herzberg.
d. Frederick W. Taylor.
e. William Ouchi.
67. Who was responsible for developing Theory X and Theory Y?
a. Maslow
b. Taylor
c. Treybig
d. Herzberg
e. McGregor
68. Theory X by Douglas McGregor is generally consistent with which other theory?
a. Taylor’s
b. Herzberg’s
c. Maslow’s
d. Treybig‘s
e. Hawthorne‘s
69. According to Theory X by McGregor, managers assume that employees
a. do not naturally dislike work.
b. will work toward goals they are committed to.
c. dislike work and need to be controlled.
d. have the potential to accomplish organizational goals.
e. seek out and accept responsibility.
70. Sally Smith, a supervisor at Kroger’s, was recently evaluated by her subordinates. Their responses indicated that
Sally uses Theory X assumptions when dealing with employees. For example, one of the comments indicated that
she treats employees as if they
a. naturally like work.
b. will work toward goals they are committed to.
c. have little ambition.
d. have the potential to accomplish the organization’s goals.
e. seek out and accept responsibility.
71. Keith Smith’s first year as parts manager for a local dealership was pretty rocky. To ensure that his subordinates
would follow through on established goals, he warned them about losing their jobs. Keith‘s managerial attitude
reflects assumptions underlying
a. Theory X.
b. Theory Y.
c. Theory C.
d. Theory Z.
e. the equity theory.
72. All of the following are characteristics of McGregor’s Theory X except
a. people have the ability to help accomplish an organization’s goals.
b. people dislike work and try to avoid it.
c. managers must coerce, control, and threaten employees.
d. people must be led because they have little ambition.
e. people are concerned mainly with security.
73. According to Theory Y by McGregor, managers think people
a. are concerned mainly with security.
b. must be led because they have little ambition.
c. dislike work and try to avoid it.
d. must be coerced, controlled, and threatened.
e. have the ability to help accomplish an organization‘s goals.
74. Tim Long‘s first year as unit supervisor for a local manufacturer was quite a challenge. To encourage his
subordinates to meet unit and company goals, he instituted quality circles. These circles were then enabled to
directly affect unit operations. Tim’s managerial attitude reflects the assumptions underlying
a. the expectancy theory.
b. Theory Y.
c. the equity theory.
d. reinforcement.
e. Theory X.
75. All of the following are assumptions of Theory Y except
a. people will work toward goals to which they are committed.
b. work is an important part of people‘s lives.
c. managers must coerce and control workers to achieve organizational goals.
d. organizations generally do not make full use of their human resources.
e. people often seek out and willingly accept responsibility.
76. After graduating with a marketing degree, James Smith was hired by a well-known public relations (PR) firm
offering the opportunity to do PR work for large and small companies. According to Theory Y, James’ supervisor
would expect him to
a. ask how early he can leave each day.
b. avoid working too hard.
c. delegate most of his work to others.
d. seek to generate clientele and contacts for present and future public relations assignments.
e. spend most of his time reviewing the company‘s early retirement package.
77. Theory Y is most suitable in a work situation in which workers are
a. in need of close supervision.
b. just beginning to learn their jobs.
c. highly motivated.
d. unskilled.
e. none of the above.
78. When Hewlett-Packard assumes that employees accept responsibility and work toward company goals and thus
also achieve personal rewards, it is using
a. Theory M (for Maslow).
b. scientific management theory.
c. Herzberg’s theory of reinforcement.
d. Theory X.
e. Theory Y.
79. At Redbone Co., employees are slowly evaluated and promoted, but they stay around until retirement. Groups make
decisions and take responsibility for their decisions. Company control is informal, and everyone is concerned with
the general well-being of the other employees. Employees do whatever the company needs at the time rather than
following a specific job track. The environment at Redbone Co. most closely aligns with
a. Theory A.
b. type J firms.
c. Theory X.
d. Theory Y.
e. type A firms.
80. A firm characterized by lifetime employment, collective decision making, collective responsibility, slow evaluation
and promotion, implied control, nonspecialized career paths, and a holistic concern for employees is called
a. type A.
b. type Z.
c. type J.
d. type X.
e. type Y.
81. According to Ouchi, American industry is dominated by firms. These firms emphasize short-term
employment, individual decision making and responsibility, rapid evaluation and promotion, explicit control, and
specialized career paths.
a. type X
b. type Y
c. type Z
d. type A
e. type J
82. A firm emphasizing long-term employment, collective decision making, individual responsibility, slow evaluation and
promotion, informal control, moderately specialized career paths, and a holistic concern for employees is known as
a. Theory X.
b. Theory Y.
c. type J.
d. type A.
e. type Z.
83. IBM, Eastman Kodak, and Hewlett-Packard are organizations that emphasize long-term employment, collective
decision making, individual responsibility for the outcomes of decisions, and moderately specialized career paths.
These companies are examples of firms.
a. type J
b. type X
c. type A
d. type Y
e. type Z