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Chapter 10 - Food - Soil - and Pest Management
e.
planting polycultures
53. Compared to synthetic pesticides, the use of natural biological pest controls are ____.
a.
more costly
b.
dangerously unpredictable
c.
faster
d.
nontoxic
e.
not very effective
54. Trace amounts of sex attractants, otherwise known as ____, can be used to lure pests into traps or to attract their
natural predators into crop fields.
a.
herbicides
b.
hormones
c.
pheromones
d.
mating pairs
e.
shiny colors
55. What is a disadvantage of using pheromones to control pests?
a.
They are costly and time-consuming to produce.
b.
They are more effective in the juvenile stage than the adult stage.
c.
They are ineffective with most insects due to resistance.
d.
They are biologically magnified in non-target species.
e.
They only work in large amounts.
56. A chemical produced by animals to control their developmental processes at different stages of life is known as a
____.
a.
gene
b.
protein
c.
pheromone
Chapter 10 - Food - Soil - and Pest Management
d.
hormone
e.
carbohydrate
57. According to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, a well-designed____ can reduce synthetic pesticide use and pest
control costs by 50–65%, without reducing crop yields and food quality.
a.
integrated pest management program
b.
polyculture farm
c.
organic farm
d.
crop rotation program
e.
natural predator habitat restoration program
58. What is the primary goal of an integrated pest management program (IPM)?
a.
to increase inputs of fertilizer and irrigation water
b.
to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level
c.
to increase pesticide use
d.
to decrease yields and increase costs
e.
to increase the development of disease-resistant pests
59. One drawback to integrated pest management is that it ____.
a.
only applies to certain regions of the world
b.
cannot manage most pests
c.
leads to genetic resistance among pests
d.
is complex and takes more time compared to pesticides
e.
does not have a proven track record
60. Ninety-eight percent of the potential risk of developing cancer from pesticide residue on food grown in the U.S. could
Chapter 10 - Food - Soil - and Pest Management
be eliminated if ____.
a.
the entire industrialized agriculture business switched to integrated pest management
b.
genetically modified foods were grown exclusively
c.
pheromone traps were used more effectively to capture pests
d.
EPA standards for pre-1972 pesticides were as strict as standards for newer pesticides
e.
the government banned just one of the worst pesticides from use
61. Government subsidies to fishing fleets ____ overfishing and reduction of aquatic biodiversity.
a.
prevent
b.
mitigate
c.
promote
d.
reduce
e.
completely stop
62. What is the best method to maintain soil fertility via topsoil conservation?
a.
emphasizing agricultural practices that enhance monocultures
b.
rotating crops annually
c.
keeping the soil covered by vegetation
d.
preventing insect pests from destroying valuable crops
e.
converting croplands into pasturelands or feedlots
63. What is the main purpose of conservation tillage?
a.
to decrease labor costs
b.
to increase erosion
c.
to increase energy consumption
d.
to accelerate water loss from the soil
e.
to decrease erosion
64. What kind of cropping is where one or more crops, usually legumes or other crops that add nitrogen to the soil, are
planted together and between orchard trees or fruit-bearing shrubs, which provide shade?
a.
alley
b.
contour
c.
terracing
d.
tillage
e.
strip
65. Which fertilizer type is relied upon most in more-developed countries?
a.
organic
b.
synthetic
c.
animal manure
d.
green manure
e.
compost
66. What is a way to restore land that has undergone desertification?
a.
crop rotation
b.
irrigation
c.
fertilizing with green manure
d.
fertilizing with animal manure
e.
planting trees and plants
67. Aquaculture might be made more sustainable if ____.
a.
consumers choose to eat fish species that eat algae and other vegetation
b.
consumers choose to eat top predators
c.
fish farms are located near mangrove forests
d.
fish farms are located near estuaries
Chapter 10 - Food - Soil - and Pest Management
e.
chemical pesticides are used to control common fish diseases
68. What do sustainable polyaquaculture and livestock agriculture have in common?
a.
soil conservation
b.
water
c.
using less resources, i.e., grain
d.
growth hormones
e.
antibiotics
69. A(n) ____________________ is a chemical used to control or kill populations of organisms that we consider
undesirable such as insects, weeds, or rodents.
70. Numerous practices have been developed to reduce ____________________, including reducing or eliminating
tillage, managing irrigation to reduce runoff, and keeping the soil covered with plants or mulch.
71. ____________________ is a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in tropical developing countries where
cash crops are grown, such as bananas, coffee, vegetables, soybeans, sugarcane, and palm oil.
72. An irrigation problem that reduces soil oxygen levels, causes accumulation of gases toxic to plants, and alters the
concentration of nutrients around plant roots is called ____________________.
73. A way to grow food on steep slopes or mountainsides without depleting topsoil is called ____________________.
74. The practice of ____________________is where fish are raised in freshwater ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and rice
paddies, and in underwater cages in coastal and deeper ocean waters
75. ____________________ are chemical sex attractants emitted that also attract predators and can be used as alternatives
to pesticides.
76. The United States primarily uses ____________________ agriculture for food production.
77. In nearly one in five death in the U.S., ____________________ plays an important role in heart disease, stroke, type 2
diabetes, and some forms of cancer.
78. Low energy input ____________________ produces higher yields than does high-input monoculture.
79. Scientists estimate that since 1900, we have lost 75% of the ____________________ of agricultural crops as genetic
variety has declined.
80. Some ____________________ have led to herbicide-resistant superweeds, some of which can rapidly grow more than
2 meters (7 feet) tall.
81. To maintain good health and resist disease ____________________, like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are needed
in fairly large amounts.
82. Alley cropping, agroforestry and terracing are all methods that help reduce ____________________.
83. A way to greatly reduce topsoil erosion is to eliminate or minimize the plowing and tilling of topsoil, leaving crop
residues on the ground, using special machines in a process called ____________________.
84. Buying a share of a local farmer’s crop is an example of ____________________ agriculture.
85. One way to increase food security is to grow more of our food locally with certified ____________________ farming
practices.
86. According to the USDA, approximately 15% of the world’s food is grown in ____________________ areas and this
percentage could easily be doubled.
87. The EPA and a 2012 study by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) found that Americans
____________________ 30% to 40% of the nation’s food supply each year.
88. In the early 1930s, the Great Plains experienced an extreme drought known as the ____________________ that
occurred because too many fields were overplowed and left open to hot dry winds and severe soil erosion.
89. The ____________________ Act of 1935 gave farmers and ranchers technical assistance for setting up soil
conservation programs that resulted in reduced erosion.
90. Under the 1985 Food Security Act (Farm Act), farmers participating in the Conservation Reserve Program received
____________________ to stop planting crops on highly erodible land and replant with grass or trees for 10–15 years.
91. Animal manure, compost, and green manure are all types of ____________________ because they are derived from
plant or animal materials.
92. Polyface Farm in the U.S. state of Virginia raises beef, chickens and pigs. A particular practice on Polyface Farm is to
bring chickens into a pasture after the cows have eaten the grass. The chickens eat the insect grubs that are found in the
cow manure. While the chickens fatten up on the insect grubs, they also produce waste, which in turn fertilizes the grass
the cows will later eat. Explain this process in terms of sustainable agriculture and the basic principles of sustainability.
93. Michael Pollan, in his landmark book The Omnivore’s Dilemma, investigates and discusses the practices of meat
production in modern, industrialized agriculture in the United States. After his extensive study, he writes that he believes
hunting for meat may be the more humane and wise choice. He cites the fact that game animals at least live their lives in a
free, uncaged environment, compared with beef cattle that spend much of their lives confined in feedlots, standing in
manure and eating grain they are not designed to digest. Additionally, the game animal typically has a relatively quick and
painless death.
Discuss this issue. Include in your discussion aspects of feedlots, energy consumed in meat production, and the relative
impacts of farming versus hunting on biodiversity.
94. It is well-documented that while some synthetic pesticides have caused great harm to living creatures, others have
saved lives. Give a brief account of one that has, ironically, saved human lives: DDT.
95. Discuss how governments can use policies to improve food security.
96. Briefly discuss how governments can save children from the harmful health effects of poverty.
97. Clearly explain the relationship between irrigation and salinization of soils.
98. Discuss the relative costs of organically grown food and conventionally produced food. In your answer, explain the
reason for these costs. Also give a possible example.
99. Explain the benefits of using perennial plants rather than annual plants for food crops.
100. Explain how growing corn in the Midwest creates a ‘dead zone’ in the Gulf of Mexico.
