KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
71. The person whose ideas were encapsulated into the Penitentiary Act of 1779 was:
a. Elizabeth Gurney Fry.
b. John Howard.
c. Mary Belle Harris.
d. John Walker Lindh.
72. Many early American ideas regarding corrections came from:
a. England.
b. France.
c. Spain.
d. Norway.
e. Germany.
73. Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison was the goal of the:
a. southern penitentiary system.
b. Pennsylvania penitentiary system.
c. Elmira penitentiary system.
d. London penitentiary system.
e. colonial penitentiary system.
74. The method by which inmates were to be redeemed in the _______ was to be kept in their cells for eating, sleeping,
and working.
a. southern penitentiary system
b. Pennsylvania penitentiary system
c. Elmira penitentiary system
d. London penitentiary system
e. colonial penitentiary system
75. Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison was the goal of the:
a. New York penitentiary system.
b. federal penitentiary system.
c. Elmira penitentiary system.
d. London penitentiary system.
e. colonial penitentiary system.
76. The method by which inmates were to be redeemed in the _______ was to sleep in their cells but come together to eat
and work.
a. southern penitentiary system
b. Pennsylvania penitentiary system
c. Elmira penitentiary system
d. New York penitentiary system
e. federal penitentiary system
77. The difference between the Pennsylvania penitentiary system and the New York penitentiary system is the:
a. Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a congregate system and New York had a separate system.
b. Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a separate system and New York had a congregate system.
c. Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a combined system and New York had a single system.
d. Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a single system and New York had a combined system.
78. Supermax prisons:
a. house the least violent offenders.
b. house inmates perceived as “hardened criminals.”
c. house the “toughest of the tough.”
d. place greater emphasis on work and rehabilitation than maximum security prisons.
e. confine inmates to their cells 23 hours per day.
79. In which type of prisons do inmates spend up to 23 hours a day in their cells?
a. supermax
b. medium security
c. minimum security
d. close security
e. maximum
80. State correctional institutions for men are usually classified by level of security. Which is NOT a classification level
usually used?
a. maximum
b. medium security
c. minimum security
d. general security
81. State corrections systems include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. community corrections.
b. state prison systems.
c. state institutions for women.
d. private prisons.
82. Which of the following is a part of the state corrections systems?
a. community corrections
b. federal detention centers
c. jails
d. private prisons
Joan has been arrested for forgery and passing bad checks. She is awaiting trial.
83. Joan was not granted bail and waits for her trial to begin very likely sitting in a:
a. private prison.
b. federal prison.
c. a state minimum security prison.
d. county jail.
e. district jails.
84. Joan’s lawyer is hopeful given Joan’s status as a mother, the nonviolent nature of her crimes, and her relatively clean
record that, if convicted, she will be given probation monitored under which program?
a. community corrections
b. federal prison
c. county jail
d. private prison
e. state institution for women
85. Unfortunately for Joan, while she was waiting for her trial, she had an altercation with another prisoner who was
working as an undercover agent for the federal government. If convicted of a felony, she will likely spend time in which
type of facility?
a. community corrections
b. federal prison
c. county jail
d. private prison
e. state institution for women
Completion
86. The ____________________ was a period of time in which thinkers challenged traditional values with new thoughts
about human rationality and the need to place limitations on government.
87. _________ includes all programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people
who have been convicted in a court of law.
88. The institution inspired by the ideas of John Howard and intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society
was known as a(n) ____________________.
89. The ________________ developed in Pennsylvania is based upon separate confinement.
90. The New York system is based upon the _______ _______.
91. The ________ ________was used when inmates are offered to contractors in exchange for food and/or clothing.
92. Under the ____________________ system, inmates’ labor was sold to private employers.
93. The ____________________ was a nineteenth-century institution for young offenders that emphasized training.
94. The ______ _______allows inmates to reduce their prison terms through good behavior.
95. The ________ ________emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through
vocation therapy.
96. The ____________________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by
biological influences.
97. The ____________________, which operates a system of prisons throughout the nation, was created by Congress in
1930.
98. Probation and _______ supervision for federal offenders are provided by the Federal Probation and Pretrial Service
System.
99. The administration of prisons is part of the ____________________ branch of government.
100. Prisons that are managed by corporations are called ____________________ prisons.
101. ____________________ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.
102. The Supreme Court has determined that the concept of cruel and unusual punishment as applied to corrections must
be based on the ____________________ of conditions in the institution.
103. According to _______________, body cavity searches are upheld when they advance policies and legitimate needs.
104. According to _______ _______, the Supreme Court established that racial discrimination may not be official policy
within prison walls.
105. The majority of people under supervision of the criminal justice system are serving time on ____________________.
106. Increased numbers of former offenders are being returned to prison as ____________________ violators.
107. Today’s parolees are _______ than they were in the 1990s.
108. The gender of the large majority of jail inmates is ____________________.
109. President Reagan’s crusade against illegal substances was known as the ____________________.
110. The presence of empty state-of-the-art prison facilities can encourage a criminal court judge to _________a
defendant who may otherwise get probation.
111. Under New York’s congregate system, prisoners worked under a rule of ______, and they were forbidden even to
exchange glances while on the job or at meals.
112. Among the English reformers, ________, a middle-class Quaker, was the first person to press for changes.
113. Under the ______ _____ model of corrections, the goal is to reintegrate the offender into the community.
114. Under the ______ _____ model of corrections, the assumption is that criminal behavior can be controlled by more
use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
115. Prisoners in ______ prisons are shackled whenever they are out of their cells—during recreation, showers, and
telephone calls.
116. The __________ prison (holding about 21 percent of state inmates) is built like a fortress, usually surrounded by
stone walls with guard towers.
117. State correctional institutions for men are usually classified by level of security: maximum, medium, and ______.
118. State correctional systems include state institutions for women, community corrections, and ________.
119. The __________ prison (with 33 percent of state inmates) houses the least violent offenders.
Subjective Short Answer
Gia Long is a correctional officer in a state correctional facility. She splits her time between a female facility and a male
facility. Since she started her position, she has devised several ideas she would like to implement.
120. Gia would like to implement a classification system for the men in her unit. She would like to classify each prison’s
security level. Gia will classify them as:
a. minimum.
b. medium.
c. maximum.
d. super max.
e. all of the these.
121. Gia would like to implement a program in the women’s facility to combat recidivism. She finds that most of the
women are incarcerated due to:
a. drugs.
b. larceny.
c. rape.
d. robbery.
e. murder.
122. Gia has recently interviewed for a new prison that promises to have better programs and less government control.
Most likely she interviewed at which type of prison?
a. state
b. federal
c. maxi maxi
d. private
e. jail
Jean Luetin sets on the governor’s committee on corrections and community welfare. She is to work with this panel to
decrease the state’s prison population. She and the other board members do not see things eye to eye. Ms. Luetin feels that
this is going to be quite the challenge, but will take advantage of every opportunity to improve the correctional facility.
123. The first point of contention with the board members came when Ms. Luetin discussed the fact that incarceration
rates and crime rates always matched. Is Ms. Luetin correct when she says that incarceration rates and crime rates always
match?
a. No, crime rates and incarceration rates can be different.
b. No, but they are always within 5 percentage points.
c. No, but they are always within 10 percentage points.
d. Yes, they are always the same.
e. Yes, they are only the same for females.
124. Ms. Luetin also is arguing that there must be a budget reduction of correctional employees based upon prison
construction, which began in the 1990s. The problem is that the new prisons are already filled to capacity. One way to
empty these prisons is to put the inmates:
a. on probation.
b. on parole.
c. in house arrest.
d. in jail.
e. in boot camps.
125. Both Ms. Luetin and the board determine that they must set up intensive counseling in prison of both sexes and even
juveniles to assist in fighting one of the largest prison population problems, which is:
a. gambling.
b. drugs.
c. rape.
d. incest.
e. murder.
126. The committee decided that regardless of what they do, they have to make sure they do not do anything that would
cause a lawsuit, which is allowed by which landmark court case?
a. Cooper v. Pate (1964)
b. Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
c. Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
d. Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
e. Wolff v. McDonnell (1974)
Deputy Nelson is a captain for a jail in the county in which he lives. He has seen many changes in his 25-year career. As
he nears retirement, his supervisor wants his input for changes he would like to see made for the new generation of
employees.
127. Deputy Nelson has the biggest meeting on Monday morning. He is meeting with his highest supervisor, which would
be?
a. sr. captain
b. sergeant
c. sheriff
d. officer
e. corporal
128. Deputy Nelson states that the biggest difference he has witnessed is the increase of which particular group?
a. illegal immigrants
b. juveniles
c. women
d. men
e. college graduates
129. Deputy Nelson is constantly amazed that so many individuals come through the jail daily. How many individuals sit
in jail in a given day?
a. around a million
b. close to 500,000
c 250,000
d. 150,000
e. 750,000
Essay
130. Compare and contrast the separate confinement and congregate systems. Why did these methods of incarceration fall
into disuse in the United States?
131. Which model of corrections do you think would be most successful at reducing criminal behavior following
incarceration? Explain your answer, supporting it with examples.
132. Describe the lease system and the reasons that it contributed to large numbers of inmate deaths. How might this have
been avoided? Do you believe that it is ethical for the government to require prisoners to perform work, given that they
are being kept in prisons at public expense? If so, should only certain kinds of work be assigned to inmates? Finally, given
that state prisons are increasingly being run by private businesses, would it be ethical for these states to lease the work of
their prisoners to private businesses as well?
133. Describe the current constitutional rights afforded to prisoners. Do you think that prisoners have too many or too few
rights? Discuss the ways in which this has affected the correctional system, and whether you believe the net impact has
been positive or negative.
134. Some have criticized probation as being a “meaningless” punishment. Why might they think this? What reforms
would you suggest for increasing the surveillance aspect of probation?
135. Trace the history of the penal systems in the United States. What are the biggest changes that have occurred since
America’s infancy? What changes will occur in the future?
136. What effect has the war on drugs had on the correctional system in the United States? Would drug legalization help
eliminate prison overcrowding. Why?
137. In your opinion, what are the most significant Supreme Court cases to impact the field of corrections? Is there one
case that is more significant than the other cases?
138. What constitutional amendments pertain to the field of corrections? Do these amendments apply only to prisons, or
to jails, probation, and or parole?
139. Women have historically taken a back seat to men in terms of programs and rehabilitative opportunities. How can
this bridge be gapped? Should administrators of female institutions be female? Why or why not? Can male administrators
do an adequate job? Why or why not?
140. Describe the roles that the federal, state, and local governments play in corrections.
141. Compare and contrast state prison systems with that of jails.