40. In her study of homeless youth, Finklestein found that:
a. most homeless children never return home to their parents.
b. they mostly came from wealthy families.
c. most preferred a nomadic lifestyle.
d. they had few friends and acquaintances.
e. they were working diligently to stabilize their lives.
41. WhichstatementaboutFinkelstein’sstudyofhomelessyouthistrue?
a. There are about 50,000 run away youth in the U.S. every year.
b. Most of the youth in this study were from wealthy homes.
c. Homeless youth tend to find a city they like and then stay there.
d. Homeless youth have extensive networks of friends who substitute for family.
e. All homeless youth were teenagers who had dropped out of school because of low grades.
42. In the modern world, kinship:
a. no longer has importance.
b. no longer provides close and emotional social ties as it did in the past.
c. has become much more complex because of new reproductive technologies.
d. systems remain unchanged through contact with external forces such as colonization and cultural diffusion.
e. is a growing network that has become more and more vital to our ability to survive in the global economy.
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
43. The Iroquois system of kinship is associated with which form of descent?
a. Unilineal
b. Ambilocal
c. Bilateral
d. Avunculocal
e. Virilocal
44. InthestoryrelatedbymedicalanthropologistGeriAnnGalantiin“CrossCulturalMiscues,”whywastheyoung
Bedouin woman killed after she was sent to the hospital?
a. She was a victim of medical malpractice.
b. She had dishonored her family and they killed her to restore their honor.
c. She died of hemorrhaging during an abortion because her family removed her from the hospital before doctors
advised.
d. She was abducted in her village for seeking out Western medical treatment.
e. She was threatened, but she was not actually killed.
45. Which of the following statements about kinship systems is NOT true?
a. They create very close social ties.
b. They provide moral coercion to adhere to social norms.
c. They are extremely stable and do not change over time.
d. They involve strong bonds of obligation.
e. They provide security for their members.
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
46. In poor shanty-towns in Brazil, anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes found that one essential feature of kinship
systems was altered among poor women. Which relationship was this?
a. Between father and daughters
b. Between father and children (sons and daughters)
c. Between mother and son
d. Between mother and children (sons and daughters)
e. Between mother and father
47. In northeast Brazil, Scheper-Hughes found all of the following major social challenges EXCEPT:
a. low wages.
b. low life expectancy.
c. poor diet.
d. high risk of death.
e. low levels of fertility.
48. New reproductive technologies challenge:
a. ethical norms.
b. legal challenges.
c. vocabulary of kinship.
d. moral standards.
e. all of these choices.
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
49. The commercialization of making babies has become a vast global business. In India, from 2005 to 2009, fertility
clinics offering surrogacy services have:
a. doubled in number.
b. tripled in number.
c. quadrupled in number.
d. increased by 10 percent.
e. increased by 75 percent.
50. In a patrilineal descent group, which of the following does not belong to the same group?
a. Aman’ssons
b. Aman’sdaughters
c. Aman’swife
d. Aman’sfather
e. Aman’ssister
51. In all societies, biology is more important than culture to the definition of kinship.
a. True
b. False
52. The single most important relationship in a kinship system is the consanguinal (blood) relationship.
a. True
b. False
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
53. All kin is founded on biological connections.
a. True
b. False
54. ThefirstascendinggenerationwouldincludeEGO’smother,father,andthesistersandbrothersofthemotherand
father.
a. True
b. False
55. Kinship provides social continuity by binding together a number of successive generations.
a. True
b. False
56. The horizontal function of kinship provides social continuity across generations.
a. True
b. False
57. The Zuni of New Mexico are patrilineal and patrilocal.
a. True
b. False
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
58. Patrilineal descent was very marked and practiced by the majority of peoples in traditional China.
a. True
b. False
59. Kindreds are found in both unilineal and cognatic descent systems.
a. True
b. False
60. The majority of kinship systems found in the world are based on the unilineal principle.
a. True
b. False
61. Under patrilineal descent, the daughters leave their birth home at marriage.
a. True
b. False
62. A lineage is composed of three or more clans.
a. True
b. False
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
63. In unilineal descent groups, property is usually regulated by individuals and not by the kinship group itself.
a. True
b. False
64. In the U.S., we most commonly practice bilateral descent.
a. True
b. False
65. Inherstudyofhomelessyouth,Finkelsteinusedan“emic”approachtoresearch.
a. True
b. False
66. It is more difficult to obtain information on your distant relatives today than it was in past decades.
a. True
b. False
67. Neolocal residence is associated exclusively with food-collecting societies.
a. True
b. False
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
68. In her study of poor mothers in northeast Brazil, Nancy Scheper-Hughes found that women were relieved when all
of their children had died.
a. True
b. False
69. New reproductive technologies are growing, but they still constitute an extreme minority. While surrogacy is
becoming more popular, techniques such as in vitro fertilization are declining.
a. True
b. False
70. Everyone involved sees the commercialization of making babies as a positive step toward creating families.
a. True
b. False
71. Contrast consanguineal and affinal kinships ties.
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
72. What is fictive kinship?
73. Distinguish between the vertical and horizontal functions of kinship.
74. How is the term matriarchy distinct from the term matrilineal?
75. Name two types of kinship groups based on the unilineal principle.
76. What are the six indicators of the corporate nature of unilineal descent groups?
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
77. What is a kindred?
78. Name three recent innovations in reproductive technology that are forcing us to redefine some aspects of kinship.
79. List the six basic systems of kinship classification.
80. List and describe the five primary residences rules.
81. What are the criteria on which principles of kinship classification are based? Are these integral to all known kinship
systems?
82. Why has kinship been the subject of so much anthropological research? Why is it said to be the single most important
aspect of social structure?
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
83. What are the main principles of kinship classification and how do these structure a society?
84. Describe and discuss the most common rules of descent.
85. In what specific ways do unilineal descent groups act corporately (i.e., as small corporations)?
86. In a bilateral system, which kinship organization is the most significant to an individual? What types of subsistence
patterns are found in association with bilateral descent?
87. Many Westerners sometimes confuse matriarchy with matrilineal descent system. Does matrilineality imply
matriarchy? Use concrete examples to explain this.
88. Descent groups are convenient devices for solving a number of problems human societies commonly confront.
Identify the problems and describe how a descent group solves them.
Chapter10—KinshipandDescent
89. In what ways are new reproductive technologies challenging the way we designate kinship and family? Provide
specific examples in your discussion.
90. Kinship is considered the single most important bond in virtually all human societies. Discuss how an individual would
be impacted if he or she lost all kinship connections yet was still required to function within our own society. Where
would this person be most challenged and how would his or her life be different than a person who did have intact
kinship ties?