True / False
1. Throughout the history of the United States, ideas about punishment have remained roughly the same.
a. True
b. False
2. Prior to 1800, Americans followed the same general standards of correction that were practiced in Europe, which
included physical punishment such as flogging.
a. True
b. False
3. The basic principles of the Pennsylvania system included an emphasis upon the social interaction among prisoners.
a. True
b. False
4. Under the New York system, prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs.
a. True
b. False
5. Under the lease system, prisoners were “leased” to private companies for labor.
a. True
b. False
6. Under the “mark system,” inmates received marks for disruptive or other negative behavior.
a. True
b. False
7. The Declaration of Principles concerning corrections addressed the issue of female prisoners.
a. True
b. False
8. Prior to the nineteenth century, female prisoners were treated no differently than male prisoners.
a. True
b. False
9. The rehabilitation model of corrections involved contributions from social science researchers.
a. True
b. False
10. For the most part, correctional goals and methods are NOT influenced by social and political values.
a. True
b. False
11. Female offenders were treated no differently than men in Europe and North America at the beginning of the
nineteenth century.
a. True
b. False
12. “Supermax” prisons keep prisoners in shackles whenever they leave their cells.
a. True
b. False
13. Approximately 50 percent of people incarcerated in the United States are women.
a. True
b. False
14. Private prisons are believed to have lower operating costs than state prisons.
a. True
b. False
15. Corrections’ officers unions have widely supported private prisons.
a. True
b. False
16. Jails are operated locally by elected officials.
a. True
b. False
17. Most inmates in jails are completing one-year sentences for misdemeanors.
a. True
b. False
18. Most judges prior to the 1960s felt that prisoners and probationers were entitled to their rights and were actively
involved in their supervision.
a. True
b. False
19. In the case of Cooper v. Pate, the U.S. Supreme Court found that prison officials have a right to search cells and
confiscate any materials found.
a. True
b. False
20. The U.S. Constitution states that people who have committed crimes forfeit their rights and civil liberties.
a. True
b. False
21. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners do not share the same rights against unreasonable search and seizure
as nonincarcerated individuals.
a. True
b. False
22. In order to revoke parole, there must be a determination of probable cause that the parolee violated the conditions of
release established by the parole board and a subsequent finding that the violation, in fact, occurred.
a. True
b. False
23. At a revocation hearing, a parolee must have specific rights recognized such as the right to confront witnesses and the
right to be notified of charges.
a. True
b. False
24. One potential explanation advanced to account for the increase in the U.S. incarceration rate during the 1990s was that
the number of arrests had increased.
a. True
b. False
25. The war on drugs has drastically reduced drug use.
a. True
b. False
26. The Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a separate system and New York had a congregate system.
a. True
b. False
27. The rehabilitation model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or
psychological conditions that require treatment.
a. True
b. False
28. The community corrections model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be
controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
a. True
b. False
29. The community corrections model of corrections is based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into
the community.
a. True
b. False
Multiple Choice
30. The period of history in which philosophers and reformers began to challenge the prison tradition with new ideas
about the individual, limits of government, and rationalism was known as the:
a. Enlightenment.
b. Renaissance.
c. Civil War.
d. Reconstruction.
e. Progressive.
31. Programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been convicted
of criminal offenses are:
a. corrections.
b. law enforcement.
c. courts.
d. penitentiary.
e. decisions.
32. Prior to the 1800, Americans copied Europeans in using physical punishment. Which of the following is NOT one of
the methods used?
a. flogging
b. branding
c. maiming
d. probation
e. none of the above
33. This correctional “era” was characterized by separate confinement, isolation, and inmate labor.
a. colonial
b. penitentiary
c. reformatory
d. progressive
e. medical
34. The Penitentiary Act of 1779 required that institutions be based upon all of the following principles EXCEPT:
a. a secure and sanitary building.
b. inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules.
c. abolition of the fees charged offenders for their food.
d. reformatory regime.
e. defendant access to legal council.
35. A place that offers criminals penitence to punish and reform is:
a. jail.
b. probation.
c. parole.
d. penitentiary.
e. shock incarceration.
36. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect a principle of the separate confinement system?
a. Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.
b. Prisoners would be treated vengefully for their offenses.
c. Having prisoners in a solitary confinement system would be economical.
d. In isolation, prisoners can reflect on their transgressions.
e. Because human beings are naturally social, solitary confinement serves as punishment.
37. Which of the following is one way in which prisons in the southern U.S. differed from those in the northeast?
a. Southern prisons used the contract labor system.
b. The use of reformatories began in the south, then spread to the northeast.
c. The lease system was frequently used in southern prisons.
d. The first prisons for women were in the south.
e. The south built many more prisons than the northern states following the Civil War.
38. What is the penitentiary system in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked with inmates
during the day?
a. New York system
b. Pennsylvania system
c. California system
d. Florida system
e. Virginia system
39. In this system, inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual system to private employers who provided the machinery and
raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institutions.
a. the reformatory movement
b. the congregate movement
c. the rehabilitation movement
d. the contract labor system
e. the communal movement
40. Which movement immediately followed the penitentiary movement?
a. the reformatory movement
b. the congregate movement
c. the rehabilitation movement
d. the community corrections movement
e. the communal movement
41. Which of the following statements about the lease system is TRUE?
a. Prisoners received pay for their labors.
b. Prisoners signed agreements to work for a set amount of time that was generally shorter than the jail time they had
received.
c. The lease system was primarily employed in densely settled areas of the United States.
d. The death rate of prisoners under this system was very low.
e. Because businesses rented the labor of these prisoners, they were never considered slaves.
42. This particular system was used under Zebulon Brockway, in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment
and gain release.
a. mark system
b. good time system
c. earned time system
d. postrelease system
e. prerelease system
43. During the nineteenth century, which of the following was NOT a principle that guided female prison reform?
a. the separation of women prisoners from men
b. the provision of care in keeping with the needs of women
c. the management of women’s prisons by female staff
d. making female prisons decidedly “female institutions“
e. the emphasis on teaching women skills to aid employment
44. What model of corrections is based upon the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or
psychological conditions that require treatment?
a. congregate model
b. medical model
c. rehabilitation model
d. community corrections model
e. crime control model
45. Which of the following correctional models is based upon the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to
reintegrate the offender into the community?
a. congregate model
b. medical model
c. rehabilitation model
d. community corrections model
46. What model of corrections is based upon the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of
incarceration and other forms of strict supervision?
a. congregate model
b. medical model
c. rehabilitation model
d. community corrections model
e. crime control model
47. The central goal of the community corrections approach is that of:
a. crime control.
b. reintegration.
c. curing crime.
d. incarceration.
e. deterrence.
48. What branch of the government manages federal prisons?
a. Federal Bureau of Prisons
b. Federal Probation and Parole Supervision
c. State Correctional Systems
d. State Community Correctional Systems
e. State Institutions for Women
49. According to the text, 95 percent of the cost of all correctional activities in the United States is paid by:
a. state and local governments.
b. the U.S. Correctional Association.
c. regional governing associations.
d. the federal government.
e. police departments.
50. In all states, the administration of prisons is:
a. the responsibility of the executive branch.
b. the responsibility of the legislative branch.
c. the responsibility of the judicial branch.
d. the joint responsibility of the executive and legislative branches.
e. the joint responsibility of the judicial and legislative branches.
51. State correctional facilities are classified according to which of the following criteria?
a. size of prison population
b. level of security
c. race of the prisoners
d. educational level of prisoners
e. geographic characteristics
52. Medium security prisons:
a. house the least violent offenders.
b. house inmates perceived as “hardened criminals.”
c. allow prisoners to live in dormitories.
d. place greater emphasis on work and rehabilitation than maximum security prisons.
e. confine inmates to their cells 23 hours per day.
53. Which of the following statements regarding privately run prisons is TRUE?
a. Private prisons are regarded as less costly.
b. Private prisons are regarded as more flexible.
c. The profit incentive does not interfere with the quality of service.
d. Private prisons must comply with the standards of federal agencies.
e. All of the statements given are true.
54. Seventeen percent of the estimated 30,000 individuals detained by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement and the
U.S. Department of Homeland Security are held in these facilities.
a. private prisons
b. public prisons
c. federal prisons
d. county jails
e. district jails
55. Jails are administered locally by:
a. private citizens who volunteer.
b. appointed civil servants.
c. elected officials.
d. off-duty police officers.
e. any of these, depending on the community.
56. The primary function of jails is to:
a. hold persons for less than 1 year.
b. hold persons for more than 1 year.
c. hold persons for more than 5 years.
d. hold persons for more than 10 years.
e. hold persons for more than 20 years.
57. Which of the following policies did federal courts generally maintain with respect to prisoners’ rights prior to the
1960s?
a. “hands–on,” or active intervention for many prisoners’ rights
b. “hands–off,” or rare recognition of any prisoners’ rights for prisoners
c. intervention for freedom of speech only
d. intervention to prevent unreasonable searches only
e. intervention only to provide medical care
58. For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide
protection?
a. freedom of speech
b. freedom of religion
c. right against unreasonable search and seizure
d. right against cruel and unusual punishment
e. right to equal protection
59. This U.S. Supreme Court case allows inmates to sue correctional establishments when their rights have been violated.
a. Cooper v. Pate (1964)
b. Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
c. Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
d. Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
e. Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
60. This case stated that prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate any materials found.
a. Cooper v. Pate (1964)
b. Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
c. Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
d. Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
e. Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
61. Which group won major court cases securing religious freedom for prisoners in the United States?
a. Black Muslims
b. Catholics
c. Jews
d. scientologists
e. none of these
62. The Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to
prisoners because of their:
a. race.
b. gender.
c. religion.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
63. Prisoners’ right to due process requires that:
a. they be allowed to conduct religious services.
b. they be given food and medical care.
c. they have access to television and recreation.
d. they have hearings when charged with serious disciplinary infractions.
e. they participate in forming the prisons’ policies and rules.
64. Which U.S. Supreme Court established that racial discrimination will not be the official policy within prison walls and
that segregation can only be justified in rare instances?
a. Lee v. Washington (1968)
b. Cooper v. Pate (1964)
c. Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
d. Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
e. Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
65. When parole is revoked,
a. a revocation hearing is held.
b. the inmate is placed on intensive supervision parole.
c. the parolee goes before the parole board to explain his or her mistakes.
d. the parolee is returned immediately to prison.
e. the parole officer attempts to find a job for the parolee.
66. Which of the following statements concerning crime rates and the prison population is TRUE?
a. Crime rates and the prison population have both declined since 1991.
b. Crime rates and the prison population have both increased since 1991.
c. Crime rates and the prison population have both been stable since 1991.
d. Crime rates have increased and the prison population has decreased since 1991.
e. Crime rates have decreased and the prison population has increased since 1991.
67. People on probation currently make up what percentage of the correctional population?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 50
e. 60
68. Which of the following factors is NOT among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the growth
in the U.S. prison population?
a. tougher sentencing
b. prison construction
c. the war on drugs
d. increased arrests
e. increased immorality
69. Which of the following is NOT cited in your text as a potential reason for the increase in the U.S. prison population?
a. the war on drugs
b. prison construction
c. increased arrests
d. state politics
e. all of these are cited
70. The Penitentiary Act of 1779 occurred in which era of corrections?
a. colonial
b. penitentiary
c. reformatory
d. progressive
e. medical