1. is violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration.
2. is violence used in an attempt to improve the financial or social position of the
criminal.
3. In his celebrated book On Aggression, anthropologist Konrad Lorenz argued that aggressive energy is
produced by that are independent of environmental forces.
4. are acts of violence designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal.
5. In a series of research studies, criminologist Cathy Widom identified a , in which physical abuse
by parents or caregivers is a direct cause of subsequent violent behavior among youth.
6. In the , a potent theme of violence influences lifestyles, the socialization process, and
interpersonal relationships.
7. During the stage of the violentization process, a young victim develops a belligerent, angry
demeanor as a result of being mistreated by abusive parents and caretakers.
8. Rape involving people in some form of romantic relationship is known as .
9. The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect, and affection is known as
.
10. Traditionally, a legally married husband could not be charged with raping his wife; this was referred to as the
.
11. occurs when there are sexual relations between an underage (minor) victim and an adult.
12. Passed in 1994, allows rape victims to sue in federal court on the grounds that sexual
violence violates their civil rights; the provisions of the act have so far been upheld by appellate courts.
13. protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it directly bears on
the case.
14. A homicide without malice is known as .
15. is a killing that accompanies a felony, such as robbery or rape.
16. involves killing three or more persons in three or more separate events. In between the
murders, the killer reverts to his/her normal lifestyle.
17. In regard to serial killers, are out for profit or want to protect themselves
from a perceived threat.
18. In regard to serial killers, strive for either sexual sadism or dominance. This is the most
common form of serial murderer.
19. involves the killing of four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event.
20.
Childhood
is defined as the exploitation of a child through rape, incest, or
molestation by a parent or other adult.
21. is a term used to describe motorists who assault each other.
22. robbers have a low commitment to robbery and are the most likely to be caught.
23. robbers steal to support their drug habits and have a low commitment to robbery because of its
danger but a high commitment to theft because it supplies needed funds.
24. Of the types of hate crimes listed in the text, hate crimes are those perpetrated
by a group—for example, skinheads or the KKK—who wish to eliminate any people who violate their religious
or societal beliefs.
25. , or , are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group
merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic.
26. Violent acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are known as:
a. instrumental violence. b. expressive violence.
c. rational violence. d. irrational violence.
27. Violent acts that vent rage, anger, or frustration are known as:
a. instrumental violence. b. expressive violence.
c. rational violence. d. irrational violence.
28. In her book Guilty by Reason of Insanity, Lewis found that death-row inmates have a history of mental
impairment and:
a. childhood sexual abuse. b. intellectual dysfunction.
c. past parental issues. d. at least 3 prior violent offenses.
29. The link between substance abuse and violence occurs in three different formats. Violent behavior that results
from user’s attempts to fund their drug habits is known as:
a. financial supportive behavior.
b. psychopharmacological relationship.
c. economic compulsive behavior.
d. systemic link.
30. Athens links violence to early experiences with child abuse. Which is the proper ordering of how antisocial
careers develop under this link?
a. brutalization process, virulency stage, violent performances
b. violent performances, brutalization process, virulency stage
c. virulency stage, violent performances, brutalization process
d. brutalization process, violent performances, virulency stage
31. describes the process of how abused kids are turned into aggressive adults.
a. Violentization process b. Aggressive process
c. Assault process d. Violence development
32. Much of the difference in rates of violent crime between whites and racial minorities can be explained by
minorities being forced to live in high-crime neighborhoods, which:
a. provide a poorer quality of schooling.
b. increases their risk of exposure to violence.
c. contain few social interaction opportunities.
d. lack access to criminal networks.
33. Within subcultures of violence, it is considered appropriate for an individual who has been offended by a
negative outcome in a dispute to seek reparations through violent means. This concept is termed:
a. brutalization process. b. thanatos.
c. disputatiousness. d. malefic.
34. A potent theme of violence that influences lifestyles, the socialization process, and interpersonal relationships is
known as:
a. cultural retaliatory homicide. b. subculture of violence.
c. disputatiousness. d. brutalization process.
35. During which stage of brutalization does the youth become belligerent and angry?
a. virulency stage b. violent coaching
c. belligerency stage d. violent performance stage
36. According to the most recent UCR data (2012), about rapes or attempted rapes are now being
reported to U.S. police each year, a rate of about 30 per 100,000 inhabitants
a. 16,000 b. 29,000
c. 85,000 d. 121,000
37. When an attacker does not want to harm his/her victim as much as s/he wants to possess him/her sexually, it is
known as:
a. anger rape. b. gang rape.
c. serial rape. d. power rape.
38. Rape by someone known to the victim, including family members and friends, is known as:
a. acquaintance rape. b. date rape.
c. blitz rape. d. association rape.
39. When is rape most likely to occur?
a. during March and April b. during May and June
c. during July and August d. during September and October
40. Date rape, statutory rape, and marital rape are subcategories of:
a. familial sexual assault. b. acquaintance rape.
c. intrafamilial sexual assault. d. serial rape.
41. What is known to be true regarding marital rape?
a. Many spousal rapes are accompanied by brutal, sadistic beatings.
b. When marital rapists are convicted, they are sanctioned more harshly than those accused of nonmarital
sexual assaults.
c. Today, only three states recognize marital rape as a crime.
d. Instances of marital rape tend to be isolated, one-time events.
42. Statutory rape refers to sexual relations between an adult and a/an:
a. elderly woman. b. married woman.
c. underage minor. d. nonconsenting adolescent.
43. The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect, and affection is called:
a.
hypermasculinity.
b. the brutalization process.
c. the virility mystique. d. narcissistic personality disorder.
44. When researching a possible sexual motivation for rape, criminologists have found patterns in the research data
indicating that:
a. younger rapists may be seeking sexual gratification.
b. older rapists may be seeking sexual gratification.
c. rapists of all ages may be seeking sexual gratification.
d. sexual gratification was not a motivation for rape.
45. Which of the following causal explanations for rape reflects the evolutionary view?
a. The sexual urge corresponds to the unconscious need to preserve the species by spreading one’s genes
as widely as possible.
b. Rape is a legitimate response if one’s sexual advances are rebuffed.
c. Rape is a function of modern male socialization.
d. Rapists‘ infatuation and fixation with self drives them to seek power and control over those they deem to
be inferior to themselves.
46. Research studies estimate that as many as 25% or more of rapes involve multiple offenders; these are known as:
a. toxic rapes. b. gang rapes.
c. incapacitated rapes. d. sadistic rapes.
47. Laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it directly bears on the case
are called:
a. safeguard laws. b. immunity laws.
c. exemption laws. d. shield laws.
48. What percentage of murderers are male?
a. 30 b. 50
c. 70 d. 90
49. In which type of murder is intent present but malice is not?
a. nonnegligent manslaughter b. negligent manslaughter
c. first–degree murder d. second-degree murder
50. Which type of murder refers to a killing that occurs when a person’s acts are negligent and without regard for
the harm they may cause others?
a. nonnegligent manslaughter b. negligent manslaughter
c. first–degree murder d. second-degree murder
51. Felony murder usually constitutes:
a. negligent homicide. b. nonnegligent manslaughter.
c. first–degree murder. d. second-degree murder.
52. Which type of murder requires the killer to have malice aforethought but not premeditation or deliberation?
a. nonnegligent manslaughter b. negligent manslaughter
c. first–degree murder d. second-degree murder
53. Although there are few female murderers, who are they likely to kill?
a. a coworker b. a family member
c. a stranger d. a friend
54. Mass murder involves killing four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event. These single,
uncontrollable outbursts are also termed:
a. concurrent killings. b. outburst killings.
c. spree killings. d. simultaneous killings.
55. Which of the following is known about serial killers?
a. Ten to fifteen percent of serial killers are women.
b. Serial killers come from diverse backgrounds.
c. Most experts view serial killers as sociopaths who from early childhood demonstrate bizarre behavior.
d. All of the above.
56. The crime that requires offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a victim is:
a. battery. b. assault.
c. road rage. d. aggravated assault.
57. Any physical, emotional, or sexual trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident,
can be found is known as:
a. child abuse. b. elder abuse.
c. hate crimes. d. cruelty to animals.
58. Psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors, and private information in
order to harm their partner is known as:
a. flashes of anger. b. relational aggression.
c. relationship abuse. d. economic stability.
59. Which is an inaccurate statement pertaining to spousal abuse?
a. Police departments report that 10 to 20% of evening calls involve domestic disputes.
b. Twenty to forty percent of females experience violence while dating.
c. Some males believe that society approves of spouse abuse.
d. Obsession with a wife’s behavior, however trivial, can result in violent assaults.
60. Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a
discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic are known as:
a. disparity crimes. b. felony murders.
c. bias crimes. d. hate crimes.