c. Bill and Mary are likely to spend equal amounts of time reading and talking to their baby.
d. Their infant is likely to prefer Mary over Bill as a playmate.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.70 __________ is used to study attachment relationships.
a. A social smile c. Stranger anxiety
b. Systematic desensitization d. The Strange Situation
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Easy
10.71 A researcher conducts a study using the Strange Situation. The researcher is studying
a. the stability of temperament. c. infants’ recognition of others’ emotions.
b. the development of basic emotions. d. attachment relationships.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Easy
10.72 When 1-year-old Hayley’s mother left her in an unfamiliar room, Hayley cried. When her mother returned,
Hayley wanted to be held for a minute, but then wanted to get down and play. Hayley appears to have a(n)
__________ attachment to her mother.
a. avoidant c. disorganized (disoriented)
b. secure d. resistant
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.73 The majority of American babies have __________ attachment relationships.
a. disorganized (disoriented) c. avoidant
b. resistant d. secure
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Easy
10.74 When Aida’s mother left her with a new babysitter, Aida was not upset. When her mother returned, Aida
ignored her. Aida appears to have a(n) __________ attachment to her mother.
a. resistant c. avoidant
b. disorganized (disoriented) d. secure
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.75 When Kylie’s mother left her at the babysitter’s house, Kylie was upset and cried. When Kylie’s mother
returned, Kylie was still angry and would not be consoled by her mother. Which type of attachment does
Kylie seem to have?
a. disorganized (disoriented) c. avoidant
b. resistant d. secure
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.76 Annie has a disorganized (disoriented) attachment relationship with her mother. In the Strange Situation she
a. probably will not be upset when her mother leaves and is likely to ignore her when she returns.
b. may or may not cry when her mother leaves, but is likely to seek her when she returns.
c. is likely to be upset when her mother leaves and angry and difficult to console when she returns.
d. may be confused when her mother leaves and not really understand what’s happening when she returns.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.77 Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the patterns of attachment worldwide?
a. Secure attachment is the most common form worldwide.
b. In Japan, avoidant attachment is much more common than resistant attachment.
c. In Germany, avoidant attachment is much more common than resistant attachment.
d. Differences in attachment patterns worldwide reflect cultural variations in parents’ expectations about
infant behavior.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.78 As infants, Nate was securely attached and Will was insecurely attached. In their preschool years, you would
expect to find
a. that Will interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Nate.
b. that Nate interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Will.
c. that Nate, but not Will, shows abnormal levels of hostility.
d. no predictable differences between Nate and Will in terms of their social interactions.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.79 Children who had secure attachments as infants
a. tend to have more satisfying later social relationships.
b. have more fights with friends when they are 3 and 4 years old.
c. show high levels of hostility as preschoolers.
d. tend to have higher-quality friendships as children.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
337
10.80 A secure attachment is most likely to occur when
a. parents spend a lot of time with their child.
b. parents respond to their child in an inconsistent manner.
c. babies have a difficult temperament.
d. parents are sensitive and responsive to their baby.
Chapter Module: Attachment
10.81 What advice would you give to parents who want their infants to become securely attached to them?
a. Have a rigid personality style.
b. Don’t reinforce infant crying by responding whenever your child cries.
c. Place children in full time day care before their first birthday.
d. Respond to your infant predictably and sensitively.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.82 Which infant is most likely to form a secure attachment?
a. Hallie, whose parents respond predictably and appropriately to her needs.
b. Erin, who has a difficult temperament.
c. Bernie, who sleeps in a dormitory with other children under 12.
d. Steven, whose mother has a rigid personality style.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.83 The set of expectations that infants form about parents’ availability and responsiveness generally and in times
of stress is referred to as
a. an internal working model. c. display rules.
b. self-conscious emotions. d. social referencing.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Easy
10.84 One-year-old Celia has come to expect that when she cries, her mother will respond quickly and take good
care of her. One-year-old Shannon doesn’t know what her mother’s reaction to her cries will be. Celia and
Shannon differ in their
a. display rules. c. internal working models.
b. social referencing. d. systematic desensitization.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.85 One-year-old Celia has come to expect that when she cries, her mother will respond quickly and take good
care of her. One-year-old Shannon doesn’t know what her mother’s reaction to her cries will be. Celia and
Shannon differ in their
a. display rules. c. internal working models.
Diff: Moderate
338
b. social referencing. d. systematic desensitization.
Chapter Module: Attachment
10.86 Which of the following children is LEAST likely to develop a secure attachment relationship?
a. Amit, an Israeli infant who sleeps in a dormitory with older children and receives inconsistent attention
when he gets upset at night.
b. Merel, a Dutch infant whose mother received three months of caregiver training.
c. Catalina, a Romanian infant living in an orphanage who has an attentive and emotionally involved
institution caregiver.
d. Lester, an American infant who responds to his needs consistently and with sensitivity.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.87 Who is LEAST likely to develop a secure attachment relationship?
a. Amber, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a rigid personality.
b. Baylee, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a flexible personality.
c. Carlie, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a rigid personality.
d. Donnelle, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a flexible personality.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.88 As an adult, Michelle remembers her childhood as happy and her parents as warm and generous although
favoring her brother over her. Michelle has a(n) __________ attachment representation.
a. secure adult c. resistant adult
b. dismissive adult d. preoccupied adult
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.89 Jude is an adult who describes her own childhood in very general terms and seems to idealize her parents.
Which type of attachment representation does Jude seem to have?
a. secure c. preoccupied
b. dismissive d. resistant
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.90 Craig gets very upset when he begins talking about his childhood, which he does quite often, remembering his
parents are being unfair and unkind to him. Craig appears to have a(n) __________ attachment representation.
a. dismissive c. preoccupied
b. secure d. avoidant
Diff: Moderate
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.91 Adults with a dismissive attachment representation describe their childhood experiences
a. in very general terms and idealize their parents.
b. by objectively reporting both positive and negative aspects of their parents.
c. reluctantly and prefer not to talk about what are very negative memories of their parents.
d. emotionally, expressing anger and confusion regarding their parents.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.92 Sensitive parenting is most strongly associated with what kind of adult attachment representation?
a. resistant c. dismissive
b. secure d. preoccupied
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Easy
10.93 According to the Early Child Care study, children whose mothers work outside the home
a. are more likely to develop insecure attachments than those children whose mothers stay at home
with them.
b. are more likely to develop insecure attachments when they spend many hours in day care.
c. are likely to develop insecure attachments when their mothers showed less sensitive mothering combined
with low quality or large amounts of day care.
d. are more likely to develop insecure attachments when parents changed child-care arrangements
frequently.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Hard
10.94 When children go to day care, the single most important factor related to secure attachment is
a. the quality of the child care.
b. the amount of time the child spends in day care.
c. the age when the child began day care.
d. the quality of parenting.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
10.95 Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
10.96 Anger is a complex emotion.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
10.97 Babies who are a few weeks old use social smiles.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.98 Distinct displays of anger emerge between 4 and 6 months of age.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.99 Around 6 months, babies show stranger wariness.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Easy
10.100 Infants are more fearful of strangers in a familiar environment.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.101 An early sensitivity to disgust is useful because many of the cues that elicit disgust are also signals of potential
illness.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.102 Self-conscious emotions are responses to meeting or failing to meet expectations or standards.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Easy
10.103 Complex emotions depend on the child having some understanding of self.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.104 Complex emotions emerge between 18 to 24 months of age.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Easy
10.105 By 7 years of age, children experience feelings of regret, but they’re less likely to experience feelings of relief.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.106 Fear of imaginary creatures typically continue to strengthen during the elementary-school years.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.107 Japanese preschoolers are more likely than American preschoolers to express anger in interpersonal conflicts.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.108 Cultures differ in the extent to which they encourage children to express emotions and in the circumstances
that lead to emotions.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Easy
10.109 Social referencing shows that infants rely on their parents’ emotions to regulate their own behavior.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Easy
10.110 Children are much more skilled than adults in recognizing the subtle signals of an emotion.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Easy
10.111 During the elementary-school years, children have a decreased ability to see multiple, differing emotions.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.112 A positive relationship with parents and siblings is related to children’s understanding of emotions.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Easy
10.113 Children who cannot control their emotions often have difficulty resolving conflicts with peers.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Diff: Moderate
10.114 In the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS), the largest group of babies was classified as “difficult.”
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Easy
10.115 In Mary Rothbart’s theory, temperament includes surgency/extraversion, negative affect, and effortful control.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Easy
10.116 The results of twin studies provide evidence that heredity does not influence temperament.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Moderate
10.117 Compared to Japanese mothers, European American mothers spend more time in close physical contact with
their babies, constantly and gently soothing them; this may reduce the tendency to respond emotionally.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Moderate
10.118 Infants of mothers who interact easily and confidently with them are more likely to develop intense, difficult
temperaments.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Moderate
10.119 Temperament during infancy is not related to temperament later in life.
Chapter Module: Temperament
10.120 Extroversion looks like a blend of the temperamental dimensions of positive affect and activity level.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Easy
10.121 Persistent children, active children, and distractible children are all as likely to succeed in school.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Moderate
10.122 Persistent children often have difficulties interacting with peers and often do not cope effectively with
problems.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Moderate
10.123 Anxious, fearful children are less likely to comply with a parent’s rules and requests.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Moderate
10.124 Children who are frequently angry or fearful are more prone to depression.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Easy
10.125 Shy and outgoing children are equally likely to express concern when a stranger is injured.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Hard
10.126 Shy, inhibited 2-year-olds were less likely than outgoing 2-year-olds to help a hurt stranger.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Diff: Hard
10.127 Infants and toddlers who resist control tend to have behavior problems when they are older if their mothers
did not exert much control.
Chapter Module: Temperament
10.128 Attachment is an enduring social-emotional relationship.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Easy
10.129 According to John Bowlby, children are more likely to survive if they form an attachment to an adult.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.130 During preattachment, babies behave differently in the presence of familiar and unfamiliar adults.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.131 Around 7 months of age, the attachment figure becomes a stable social-emotional base.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.132 Most American infants become attached to their mothers, but not their fathers.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.133 Fathers are more likely than mothers to read to and play games like peek-a-boo with their babies.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.134 When infants are distressed they prefer to be comforted by their fathers.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.135 About 20 to 25% of American babies have resistant attachment relationships.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Diff: Moderate
10.136 The Strange Situation has been criticized because it has an emphasis on separation and reunion as the primary
means for assessing the quality of attachment and the appropriate response to separation may not be the same
in all cultures.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Answer: True
Page(s): 334
Type: Factual
Diff: Hard
10.137 Japanese infants rarely avoid their mothers during reunion after separation, which is why the resistant
attachment pattern is more common in Japan.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Answer: True
Page(s): 335
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Infants with secure attachment relationships tend to interact successfully with peers.
10.138 Children with secure attachment relationships have higher-quality friendships and fewer conflicts with peers
than children with insecure attachment relationships.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Answer: True
Page(s): 335
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Easy
Rationale: Infants with secure attachment relationships tend to interact successfully with peers.
10.139 A secure attachment is most likely when parents respond to infants predictably and appropriately.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Answer: True
Page(s): 336–337
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Easy
10.140 Adults with dismissive attachment representation are the most likely to provide the sensitive caregiving that
promotes secure attachment relationships in their own children.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Answer: False
Page(s): 337
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
10.141 When parents respond appropriately and predictably, secure attachments usually result, regardless of the
amount of time that children spend in child care.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Answer: True
Page(s): 338
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
10.142 Explain what is meant by basic emotions and complex emotions and give examples of each.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Page(s): 314–316
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Easy
10.143 What are some new ways to regulate emotions that children develop as they get older?
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Page(s): 321
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
10.144 Name and describe the three different dimensions of temperament identify by Rothbart.
Chapter Module: Temperament
Page(s): 323
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Easy
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
10.145 According to Bowlby, what are the four phases of growth in attachment? Briefly describe the major change(s)
that occur during each of these stages.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Page(s): 331–332
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
10.146 Name the four primary types of attachment relationships observed by Ainsworth. Describe the typical reaction
of infants with each type of attachment to the separation and reunion episodes of the Strange Situation
procedure.
Chapter Module: Attachment
Page(s): 333–334
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
ESSAY QUESTIONS
10.147 Recently, your friends went out for the evening and got a babysitter. They have gotten babysitters in the seven
months since their baby was born, but this time the baby cried when the babysitter came in the door and
rushed to pick him up. A few weeks ago when the same sitter came to the house, the baby was willing to go to
her. Your friends can’t figure out what happened to the baby or the babysitter to change the situation. What
can you tell your friends about stranger wariness that might explain the baby’s behavior?
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Page(s): 315
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
10.148 Your friend Jamal has a 12-month-old daughter, Kia. Recently, they ran into one of Jamal’s coworkers who
Kia did not know. When this “stranger” approached, Jamal thought that Kia looked at him to gauge his
reaction to the “stranger” and then smiled after she saw Jamal greet the “stranger” in a friendly manner.
When Jamal told this story to his wife, Yolanda, she laughed and told him that he was giving Kia more credit
than a 1-year-old should get. Is Jamal or Yolanda correct? Explain your answer.
Chapter Module: Emerging Emotions
Page(s): 318–319
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
10.149 Your friends have a 6-month-old son, Ethan. Ethan often is irritable, is prone to anger, and is easily distressed.
Your friends are hoping that Ethan is just “in a bad stage” and that he will outgrow his behavior. Which
category of temperament would you put Ethan in and what can you tell your friends about the stability of
temperament?
Chapter Module: Temperament
Page(s): 323, 326-327
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
10.150 Your friend Beth has a 9-month-old baby and she is considering returning to work full-time. She has heard
that infants who are in daycare full-time have a slightly higher risk of forming an insecure attachment. She
told you that she is willing to take that risk because attachment only lasts a few years and doesn’t affect other
behaviors. What can you tell Beth about the relation between attachment and later social behavior?
Chapter Module: Attachment
Page(s): 335, 338
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following: