1. Which of the following were prisons established by the Church in the Middle Ages for those involved in
offensive acts such as incest and magic?
a.
bridewells
b.
houses of corrections
c.
the Citadel
d.
monastic confinement
2. Who believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose?
a.
Jeremy Bentham
b.
John Howard
c.
Cesare Becarria
d.
Paul Ambrose
3. Where would vagrants, beggars, and delinquents be forced to work by way of discipline and punishment?
a.
bridewells
b.
houses of corrections
c.
Jesuit house of refuge
d.
monastic confinement
4. The first formal legal code was the:
a.
Code of Hammurabi.
b.
Declaration of Independence.
c.
Magna Carta.
d.
Twelve Tables.
5. Who was an English sheriff who advocated jail reform?
a.
Jeremy Bentham
b.
John Howard
c.
Frank Connelly
d.
Alexander Maconochie
6. Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release?
a.
Zebulon Brockway
b.
John Howard
c.
Walter Crofton
d.
Joseph Antwine
7. Which state led the way in repealing the British laws that the colonists had enacted concerning crime and
punishment?
a.
Georgia
b.
Maryland
c.
New York
d.
Pennsylvania
8. A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal
society.
a.
bridewell
b.
house of corrections
c.
jail
d.
penitentiary
9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the reformatory model?
a.
housed older offenders who had medical issues
b.
featured indeterminate sentencing and parole
c.
classified prisoners
d.
provided educational and vocational training
10. Which penal system is based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of
incarceration?
a.
Carolina model
b.
New York model
c.
Pennsylvania model
d.
Texas model
11. Who felt strongly about the merits of the reformatory model?
a.
Zebulon Brockway
b.
John Howard
c.
Walter Crofton
d.
Cesare Becarria
The Positivist School and the Development of Corrections
Bloom’s: Remember
12. Which was the first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for diligence and productivity?
a.
Eastern State Penitentiary
b.
Elmira Reformatory
c.
Moundsville Penitentiary
d.
Sing Sing Prison
The Positivist School and the Development of Corrections
Bloom’s: Remember
13. The ____________________ was finished in 1829 and became a model for prisons in several European countries.
It had a radial design, with seven wings, each containing 76 cells, radiating from a central hub, where control personnel
were stationed.
a.
Eastern State Penitentiary
b.
Westgate State Penitentiary
c.
Moundsville State Penitentiary
d.
Brockway’s House of Reform
The Positivist School and the Development of Corrections
Bloom’s: Remember
14. Which of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons?
a.
Howard Gill
b.
Andrew McCutchen
c.
Howard Johns
d.
John Gill
The Positivist School and the Development of Corrections
CORT.SIEG.16.01.04 – Explain how reformatories contributed to the rehabilitation model
Bloom’s: Remember
15. Which of the following is NOT a privately run prison corporation?
a.
Bayer-Orrick Corporations
b.
Corrections Corporation of America
c.
The GEO Company
d.
Cornell Companies
The Positivist School and the Development of Corrections
CORT.SIEG.16.01.04 – Explain how reformatories contributed to the rehabilitation model
Bloom’s: Remember
16. The ____________________ is the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological
intervention.
a.
medical model
b.
rehabilitative psychological model
c.
Pittsburgh model
d.
Brockway approach
The Positivist School and the Development of Corrections
CORT.SIEG.16.01.04 – Explain how reformatories contributed to the rehabilitation model
Bloom’s: Remember
17. The state believes that in order for an offenders’ behavior to change, punishment should:
a.
be degrading.
b.
be waived.
c.
occur before a trial.
d.
teach a lesson.
Why Do We Punish?
CORT.SIEG.16.01.06 – Summarize the reasons why we punish
Bloom’s: Remember
18. Punishment that is based on “getting even” for violating the social contract is known as:
a.
retribution.
b.
restitution.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
deterrence.
Why Do We Punish?
CORT.SIEG.16.01.06 – Summarize the reasons why we punish
Bloom’s: Remember
19. Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by:
a.
paying for their crimes.
b.
learning lessons.
c.
serving short sentences.
d.
having charges dropped.
Why Do We Punish?
CORT.SIEG.16.01.06 – Summarize the reasons why we punish
Bloom’s: Remember
20. The equity goal of punishment means that convicted offenders must:
a.
pay back their victims for their loss.
b.
pay back the justice system for costs related to processing their cases.
c.
pay back society for the disruptions caused because of their crimes.
d.
all of these
21. Which position on punishment is most closely linked to retribution?
a.
deterrence
b.
incapacitation
c.
just deserts
d.
restoration
22. Which is the goal of punishment that is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes?
a.
deterrence
b.
incapacitation
c.
rehabilitation
d.
restoration
23. Which goal of punishment promotes sentencing people to prison to restrain them physically so during the
time they are confined society is protected?
a.
deterrence
b.
incapacitation
c.
rehabilitation
d.
restoration
24. What is the name of the policy that promotes sentencing repeat offenders to long prison terms while granting
first-time and nonviolent offenders shorter and more lenient sentences?
a.
general incapacitation
b.
selective incapacitation
c.
general deterrence
d.
selective deterrence
25. Which aspect of sentencing views those who violate the law as “society’s victims”?
a.
deterrence
b.
incapacitation
c.
rehabilitation
d.
restoration
26. Which goal of sentencing has its roots in the concept that something has to be done to make amends for the
harm or loss caused?
a.
deterrence
b.
incapacitation
c.
rehabilitation
d.
restoration
27. Law is created by the ____________________ branch of government.
a.
judicial
b.
executive
c.
legislative
d.
societal
28. The interpretation of laws is done by the ____________________ branch of government.
a.
judicial
b.
executive
c.
legislative
d.
societal
29. The setting of justice policy is aided by the ____________________ branch of government
a.
judicial
b.
executive
c.
legislative
d.
societal
30. In the United States, there are ____________________ law enforcement agencies than correctional
agencies.
a.
the same number of
b.
fewer
c.
significantly more
d.
none of these choices
Goals and Philosophies of Punishment
Bloom’s: Remember
31. The justice system is expensive to run because its employees number about:
a.
2.4 million.
b.
1.5 million.
c.
200,000.
d.
500,000.
Goals and Philosophies of Punishment
Bloom’s: Remember
32. The work of Robert Martinson and colleagues failed to find supportive data for which of the following goals of
punishment?
a.
rehabilitation
b.
restorative justice
c.
deterrence
d.
incapacitation
Goals and Philosophy of Punishment
system
33. The correctional population continues to:
a.
stay the same
b.
decline
c.
grow
d.
stagnate
Goals and Philosophies of Punishment
system
Bloom’s: Remember
34. Which of the following is a challenge facing the ability of corrections to function as a system?
a.
social costs
b.
financial costs
c.
system overload
d.
all of these
d
Goals and Philosophies of Punishment
CORT.SIEG.16.01.09 – Describe the extent and consequences of prison overcrowding
Bloom’s: Remember
35. Prison building is often a boom to many communities who view the institution(s) as:
a.
environmentally friendly.
b.
business.
c.
structurally attractive.
d.
cheap convict labor.
36. The United States is now engaging in:
a.
increased application of the death penalty.
b.
mass incarceration.
c.
using criminals as soldiers and offering reduced sentences for service.
d.
designing underwater prisons.
During the sentencing phase in his courtroom, Judge Jones gives a little speech to all the defendants who
are found guilty of a crime. He does this to explain to the defendants the goals and the philosophy of
punishment.
37. Judge Jones invites juveniles into his courtroom during sentencing hearings so they will understand that
people who continue to commit crimes will be punished for their actions. He does this because he is a firm
believer that punishment should be public. Judge Jones also believes that punishments should be immediate and
necessary. Whose principles does Judge Jones advocate?
a.
Montesquieu
b.
Beccaria
c.
Bentham
d.
Bell
b
38. Jane is being sentenced for the crime of vehicular manslaughter. She got into a car accident one morning
while she was texting her boyfriend and driving on her way to work. The judge wants to use Jane as an example
that texting while driving is very dangerous. He sentences her to five years in prison, hoping that others will be
discouraged from also texting while driving. The goal of Jane’s punishment is:
a.
deterrence.
b.
incapacitation.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
restoration.
39. Jerry was found guilty of armed robbery. This is his fourth conviction for the same crime, and he appears to
be getting more violent in his attempts. Judge Jones tells Jerry that he is too dangerous to remain free in society
and he must be sentenced to prison to restrain him. Judge Jones’ reason for his 25-year prison sentence is:
a.
deterrence.
b.
incapacitation.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
restoration.
b
40. Janice pleads guilty to grand theft and forgery. She has an addiction to prescription painkillers and stole
money from her employer to support her addiction. Judge Jones believes that Janice should be helped and
treated rather than condemned and punished. He sentences her to a residential drug treatment program under the
supervision of a probation officer. This sentence is based on the goal of sentencing of:
a.
deterrence.
b.
incapacitation.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
restoration.
c
41. Sam is a 20-year-old college student. He was out one night with some friends. He succumbed to the peer
pressure of his new friends, and they decided to vandalize vehicles by smashing in the windows and slicing the
tires. Sam has never been in trouble before. His friends with him that night all had lengthy criminal records. The
judge decides not to cast out Sam from society. He wants to give Sam the opportunity to remain in good
standing and continue with college. Sam is sentenced to community service and is required to pay for the
damage of the vehicles. This sentence is based on the goal of:
a.
deterrence.
b.
incapacitation.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
restoration.
Sally is a new recruit in a state correctional academy class. She has no prior knowledge of the criminal
justice system and has never been in a prison before. During the first week of class she learns the
fundamentals of the criminal justice system and, specifically, the correctional system.
42. Based on what Sally learned in her first week in the academy, which would not be one of the agencies of
justice?
a.
courts
b.
corrections
c.
executive branch
d.
law enforcement
c
43. Sally has the ultimate goal of working in the office of community supervision that offenders are placed with
after a period of incarceration. Which element of the correctional system does she aspire to work in?
a.
probation
b.
parole
c.
jail
d.
prison
b
44. Sally is surprised to learn that many suspects are released before trial because the case is dismissed by the
prosecutor. This is the practice of:
a.
nolle prosequi.
b.
stare decisis.
c.
habeas corpus.
d.
writ of certiorari.
a
45. If Sally graduates from the academy, she will end up working for the state that has the largest correctional
population. Which state is this?
a.
Alaska
b.
California
c.
Georgia
d.
New York
b
46. The corrections academy is intent on producing quality officers who are committed to professionalism.
Which of the following is NOT one of the qualities that Sally should possess?
a.
to treat offenders with dignity and respect
b.
to be a person committed to a learning model and to be open to new ways of
doing things
c.
to model the behavior of her fellow officers even if they seem to be unethical
d.
to keep her personal stuff from getting in the way
Goals and Philosophy of Punishment
CORT.SIEG.16.01.11 – Explain the importance of professionalism in corrections
Bloom’s: Remember
47. During the Middle Ages, criminals were seen as menaces to the community and as insults to God.
a.
True
b.
False
True
The History of Corrections: From Vengeance to Reform
influenced corrections
Bloom’s: Remember
48. Montesquieu based the legitimacy of criminal sanctions on the social contract.
a.
True
b.
False
False
The History of Corrections: From Vengeance to Reform
Bloom’s: Remember
49. Beccaria and Bentham both believed that the goal of the state should be deterrence, not revenge.
a.
True
b.
False
True
The History of Corrections: From Vengeance to Reform
Bloom’s: Remember
50. John Howard was responsible for building the first prison in the United States, the Heritage House, in Philadelphia
Pennsylvania in 1794.
a.
True
b.
False
False
The History of Corrections: From Vengeance to Reform
CORT.SIEG.16.01.02 – Define the early prison reformers and what they contributed
Bloom’s: Remember
51. The Irish Mark System, developed by Lawrence Driscoll in 1794, established probation and parole requirements for
Irish-born offenders in what were now English-ruled colonies.
a.
True
b.
False
False