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Chapter 01 - Environmental Problems - Their Causes - and Sustainability
a.
policy, adaptation, and cultural traditions
b.
pollution, adaptation, and trade practices
c.
pollution, agriculture, and technology
d.
population size, agriculture, and trade practices
e.
population size, affluence, and technology
51. Point sources of pollution ____.
a.
enter ecosystems from dispersed and often hard-to-identify sources
b.
include runoff of fertilizers and pesticides from farmlands and suburban lawns
c.
are easier to identify than nonpoint sources
d.
are more difficult to control than nonpoint sources
e.
are always found in rural areas
52. Nonpoint sources of pollution ____.
a.
enter ecosystems from single, identifiable sources
b.
are more difficult and costly to control than point sources
c.
include smokestacks and automobile exhaust pipes
d.
are cheaper and easier to identify than point sources
e.
are always found in rural areas
53. What is a major cause of environmental problems?
a.
our dependence on solar energy
b.
upcycling
c.
full-cost pricing
d.
declining population growth in high-income countries
e.
our increasing isolation from nature
54. ____ efforts focus on greatly reducing or eliminating the production of pollutants.
Chapter 01 - Environmental Problems - Their Causes - and Sustainability
a.
Agricultural engineering
b.
Nonpoint pollution
c.
Chemical cycling
d.
Pollution prevention
e.
Economic sanction
55. What term refers to the average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area?
a.
ecosystem service
b.
natural capital
c.
unsustainable yield
d.
mean of the commons
e.
per capita ecological footprint
56. Which of the following contributes most to sustainability?
a.
abundant use of resources
b.
distribution of poverty
c.
rapid population growth
d.
inclusion of environmental and health costs in market prices
e.
natural capital degradation
57. What is one environmental benefit of affluence?
a.
Increasing wealth allows for an increased capacity for resource consumption.
b.
Increased wealth provides resources to apply toward the creation of environmentally beneficial technologies.
c.
Increasing affluence often leads to a desire to travel widely and frequently in order to see the world.
d.
Increasing affluence in developed nations leads to increased affluence in less-developed countries.
e.
Increasing affluence results in less consumption in all countries.
58. Which factor is a major contributor to the degradation of natural capital associated with the pricing of consumable
goods?
Chapter 01 - Environmental Problems - Their Causes - and Sustainability
a.
Consumable goods are priced in such a way that they do not reflect the environmental damage caused by their
production.
b.
Consumable goods are priced in such a way as to allow even those in poverty in developing nations to acquire
them.
c.
Consumable goods are priced in such a way as to offset harmful environmental and health costs.
d.
Consumers are typically aware of the kinds of environmental damage resulting from the production of the
item.
e.
Consumers in some local cultures purchase items that are expensive because of the social status it brings.
59. About 900 million people live in extreme poverty, struggling to live on the equivalent of less than ____ a day.
a.
$1.25
b.
$5.00
c.
$7.50
d.
$10.00
e.
$25.00
60. Which worldview proposes that we can and should manage the earth for our own benefit, but that we have an ethical
responsibility to be caring and responsible managers of the earth?
a.
planetary management worldview
b.
stewardship worldview
c.
environmental wisdom worldview
d.
earth-centered worldview
e.
life-centered worldview
61. As of 2014, the world population is about ____.
a.
3.0 billion people
b.
5.0 billion people
c.
7.0 billion people
d.
9.0 million people
e.
10.0 billion people
62. Between 1930 and 2011, the global human population has increased from ____ to ____.
a.
100 million; 250 million
b.
500 million; 1 billion
c.
1.5 billion; 3 billion
d.
2 billion; 7 billion
e.
7 billion; 16 billion
63. Which school of thought argued that public lands should be managed wisely and scientifically, primarily to provide
resources for people?
a.
preservationist school
b.
earth-centered school
c.
traditional school
d.
conservationist school
e.
commons school
64. Living sustainably means living on ____— the renewable resources such as plants, animals, soil, clean air, and clean
water, provided by the earth’s natural capital.
a.
exponential growth
b.
natural income
c.
biotechnology
d.
upcycling
e.
biodiversity
65. Research by social scientists suggests that it takes only ____ of the population of a community, a country, or the world
to bring about major social and environmental change.
a.
1%
b.
5-10%
Chapter 01 - Environmental Problems - Their Causes - and Sustainability
c.
about one-third
d.
about half
e.
85%
66. A resource such as solar energy that cannot be diminished by overuse is called a(n) ____________________.
67. The three scientific principles of sustainability are chemical cycling, dependence on solar energy, and
____________________.
68. A(n ) ____________________ is a set of organisms within a defined area of land or volume of water that interact with
one another and with their environment of nonliving matter and energy.
69. ____________________ is the biological science that studies how living things interact with one another and with
their environment.
70. ____________________ are materials and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans.
71. ____________________ are processes provided by healthy ecosystems that support life and human economies at no
monetary cost to us.
72. ____________________ are chemicals necessary for the life processes of plants and animals.
73. The circulation of chemicals necessary for the life from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through
organisms and back to the environment is called ____________________.
74. ____________________ is the natural resources and ecosystem services that keep us and other species alive and
support human economies.
75. ____________________ is the contamination of the environment by a chemical or other agent such as noise or heat to
a level that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms..
76. Win-____ solutions are based on compromise in light of our interdependence, and they benefit both people and the
environment.
77. A single, identifiable source of pollution is called a(n) ____________________.
78. ____________________ resources exist in a fixed quantity, or stock, in the earth’s crust.
79. The average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area is the ____________________ ecological
footprint.
80. Major causes of the environmental problems we face are ____________________, wasteful and unsustainable
resource use, poverty, failure to include the harmful environmental and health costs of goods and services in their market
prices, and increasing isolation from nature.
81. Natural capital is comprised of natural resources and ____________________.
82. Your ____________________ is your set of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world works and
what you think your role in the world should be.
83. Pesticides blown from agricultural lands into the air is an example of ____________________ pollution.
84. The ____________________ school, led by naturalist John Muir, wanted wilderness areas on some public lands to be
left untouched.
85. ____________________ is the study of varying beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the
environment.
86. Why is chemical cycling necessary for life on the earth?
87. What does it means to live off the earth’s natural income?
Chapter 01 - Environmental Problems - Their Causes - and Sustainability
Table 1.1
Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.
88. How does resource use per person in the United States compare to China?
89. How does the overall environmental impact of the United States compare to China?
90. What accounts for the overall environmental impact of the United States relative to China?
91. What accounts for the difference between the overall environmental impacts of the United States and Japan?
92. Clearly describe how affluence can have both harmful and beneficial environmental effects.
93. Explain how poverty drives population growth.
94. What is the difference between a renewable resource and an inexhaustible resource?
95. Explain how the IPAT model and the ecological footprint model emphasize different aspects of how natural resources
are affected by unsustainable use.
