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53. What term is used to describe youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate
a striking majority of serious criminal acts?
54. What agency of the federal government was created to identify the needs of youths and fund policy initiatives in the
juvenile justice system?
55. What limited ability of very young offenders is taken into consideration when assessing their legal culpability?
56. What had far-reaching effects on the position of women in society, forcing them into the role of second-class citizens
dependent upon their fathers, brothers, and guardians?
57. By what distinction are delinquents and status offenders considered?
58. As early as 1535, the English passed statutes that allowed the courts to appoint overseers to place destitute or
neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent. What were these laws known as?
59. What is the process by which juvenile offenders continue in their delinquent careers rather than aging out of crime?
60. What focuses on unlocking the potential of youth and families using a variety of residential and nonresidential
program models and settings by providing direct services through child welfare, mental health, juvenile justice, and
educational systems?
61. What designation became popular at the onset of the twentieth century when the first separate juvenile courts were
instituted?
62. In colonial America what laws were passed that required children to obey their parents?
63. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, what system replaced the apprenticeship programs?
64. Now referred to as status offenders, what was the early legal designation of youths who violated the law because of
their minority status?
65. What living conditions put children at risk of becoming substance abusers as well as contracting sexually transmitted
diseases and AIDS?
66. What is formed when youths develop a full sense of the self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in
with others?
67. Nationwide during the past decade, teenage birthrates have declined substantially with the sharpest decline found
among what group?
68. Rather than use coercion and violence, with whom are Internet predators more likely to meet and develop
relationships?
69. When did the family structure and the role of children begin to change?
70. Which children are significantly more likely to live in poverty?
71. Who are at-risk youth? How do substandard living conditions contribute to this problem. Would you add other
factors to those addressed in the text as putting youth at risk? Provide a rationale for your view.
72. Explain parental responsibility laws. What is the criticism of these laws? Do you agree or disagree with such laws?
Provide a rationale for your view.
73. Explain how recent social improvements positively impact American youth. What, in your view, is the single most
important social improvement? Support your view.
74. What is meant by the term status offense? Summarize the history of status offenses. What are your views on status
offenses? Do you believe status offenses should be abolished or do you view these offenses as a gateway to delinquency?
Support your position.
75. Who were the child savers? What influence did they have on the creation of separate juvenile courts? Do you feel
separate juvenile courts are viable today? Support your views.
76. Summarize the four areas identified in the text as problems in cyberspace. What are these areas, how are they defined,
and why are they problematic? What are your views on these areas? Should government enact more social controls, and
if so, what types of controls, or do you consider these areas rights of passage? Support your position.
77. Discuss childhood in American colonies. How was childhood in the colonies similar to childhood in England? What
reasons does the text offer to explain why there were so few cases of reported child abuse during this time? Would you
consider any of the reasons that were offered similar to those offered today? Support your view.
78. Explain ego identity and role diffusion. Why would you consider these concepts important to understand? Do you
believe these concepts to be related to delinquency and/or problems faced by youth today? Support your views.
79. Summarize the system of chancery courts and the concept of parens patriae: their development, relationship, and
connection to best interests of the child. Do you believe the concept of parens patriae is viable today? Support your
view.
80. What are some reasons offered in the text as to why the study of juvenile delinquency is important? What are your
views? Explain why you believe these areas are important.
