78. Most homicide cases in the United States would fall into which category of the wedding cake model?
a. layer 1
b. layer 2
c. layer 3
d. layer 4
e. local crimes are not included
79. In 2012 former presidential candidate John Edwards was acquitted of charges that he violated campaign finance laws.
According to the wedding cake model, this widely televised and reported trial had all of the earmarks of a ____ case.
a. layer 1
b. layer 2
c. layer 3
d. layer 4
e. layer 5
80. Which model of criminal justice is more like an “obstacle course” than an assembly-line?
a. the crime control model
b. the diversion model
c. the due process model
d. the institutional model
e. the misdemeanor model
81. Which of the following is NOT a primary emphasis of Packer’s crime control model of criminal justice?
a. efficiency
b. speed
c. finality
d. capacity to adjudicate a high proportion of offenders
e. ensure that offender rights are secured
82. Which of the following is NOT an element of Packer’s due process model of criminal justice?
a. the adversarial process
b. rights of defendants
c. conviction rate of criminal prosecutions
d. formal decision-making procedures
e. decisions based on reliable information
83. Which of the following refers to a difference in treatment between groups?
a. favoritism
b. prejudice
c. disparity
d. exchange
e. discretion
84. The fact that federal sentencing guidelines punish users of crack cocaine more harshly than possession of or
trafficking in powder cocaine is used by Cole and Smith as an example of which of the following?
a. that unequal status in society can shape criminal justice policy
b. that crack cocaine is more harmful to society than powder cocaine
c. that few people are arrested for using powder cocaine
d. that the effects of powder cocaine are not as strong as crack cocaine
e. that federal sentencing guidelines are very sophisticated and accurate in their application of each offense
85. In the 40 most populous counties in the United States, the percentage of juvenile felony defendants who are African-
American is about:
a. 10 percent.
b. 20 percent.
c. 40 percent.
d. 60 percent.
e. 90 percent.
86. How does the incarceration rate for African American males compare to that of the white majority?
a. Compared to the overall population in the United States, African Americans make up a much smaller ratio of the
prison population
b. African American males are sent to prison and jail at a rate six times greater than that of whites
c. There is no discernible difference in incarceration rates based on race
d. African Americans are incarcerated at a rate much higher than whites but much lower than Hispanics
e. Based on race, white and Hispanic males are more likely to be incarcerated than are African American males
87. The State of Michigan v. Christopher Jones provides an instance of:
a. the importance of selecting open-minded jurors
b. the difficulties of proving guilt in a rape case
c. a prosecutor’s use of multiple charges to pressure defendants to plead guilty
d. the unreliable nature of eyewitness testimony
e. a suspect’s waiving of Miranda rights
88. Policies based on studies demonstrating those approaches most useful and cost effective are called
a. intelligence policing.
b. the crime control approach.
c. filtering.
d. evidence-based practices.
e. resource allocated practices.
89. Who would NOT develop and institute evidence-based practices?
a. wardens
b. mayors
c. police chiefs
d. shift commanders
e. patrol officers
90. The purpose of evidence-based practices is to
a. find different ways to expend agency funds
b. advance specific goals
c. win elections
d. win convictions is court
e. disperse resources according to need
91. Crime is most often prevented by
a. using evidence-based practices.
b. achieving high conviction rates.
c. the deterrent effect of the police.
d. the presence of neighborhood watch groups.
e. friendly neighbors.
92. Significant expansion of federal law enforcement began in what decade?
a. 1920s
b. 1940s
c. 1960s
d. 1980s
e. 1990s
93. Law enforcement employment opportunities have increased due to which two policies?
a. the war on drugs and the war on terrorism
b. the war on drugs and the war on poverty
c. the war on terrorism and the Iraq war
d. the war on poor education and the war on drugs
e. the war on poverty and the Iraq war
94. The parts of the criminal justice system include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. courts.
b. police.
c. corrections.
d. criminals.
e. none of the above.
95. Which of the following statements about systems is FALSE?
a. A system is composed of interdependent parts.
b. Sytems are made up of subsystems.
c. An exchange, or mutual transfer of resources, occurs between subsystems.
d. The goals of each subsystem are independent of the goals of the system.
96. An example of disparity in criminal justice is
a. the high arrest rates of 18- to 24-year-olds.
b. the high rates at which female motorists are given a warning for speeding.
c. when people are randomly selected for enhanced security screenings at airports.
d. the different treatment minors receive.
e. seen in the fact that fewer elderly are arrested.
Bill has been on patrol for several hours and thus far he has responded to a call of domestic violence, a car accident, and
when he returns to the station, he will write a report regarding alarming anti-American behaviors Bill’s community
contacts told him about.
97. Officer Bill’s response to the car accident is an example of a(n) _____ the police provide.
a. adjudication
b. service
c. call
d. response
e. charge
98. When Officer Bill returns to the station, he will write a report regarding suspicious activities related to terrorism. The
report will be sent through channels and eventually to a fusion center. The fusion center represents a ______ within the
criminal justice system.
a. federal agency
b. subsystem
c. data-processing node
d. high-end consumer
e. specialty unit
99. The domestic violence call resulted in an arrest. The suspect has entered the criminal justice system where he will go
from one step to the next until his case has been fully adjudicated. This process is referred to by Cole and Smith as
a. filtering
b. shifting
c. sequencing
d. stepping
e. loading
Completion
100. Offenses that are wrong by their very nature are called ______________ offenses.
101. __________ offenses are prohibited by law but are not wrong in themselves.
102. Most criminal cases are heard in ____________________ court.
103. ___________ are actions that violate laws defining which socially harmful behaviors will be subject to the
government’s power to impose punishments.
104. A system of government in which power is divided between a central (national) government and regional (state)
government is called ______________________.
105. In the United States the vast majority of crimes are defined by __________ laws.
106. The mutual transfer of resources between individual actors is known as an _____________.
107. A ___________ is a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose actions are directed toward goals and
are influenced by the environment within which they function.
108. The criminal justice process may be viewed as a ____________________ process through which cases are screened.
109. The fact that the United States has a separate judicial structure for each state in addition to a national structure means
that it has a ____________________ court system.
110. When police officers are directing traffic or providing emergency medical aid, they are performing a
____________________ function.
111. During ____________________, courts decide whether or not a defendant is guilty.
112. The procedure by which an administrative record is made of an arrest is called
____________________.
113. Trial judges and other authorities are ruled to have acted correctly in about ____________________ percent of
appeals.
114. Youthful offenders and offenders convicted of minor violations are most likely to be sentenced to
____________________.
115. ____________________ are serious crimes punishable by more than one year of incarceration.
116. ____________________________ is the criminal procedure whereby the suspect is brought before a judge in order
to formally review the charges and determine bail.
117. The criminal procedure in which the defendant appears in court to hear the indictment read by a judge and to enter a
plea is called ___________________.
118. A document stating that the grand jury has charged an individual with a specific crime is known as a(n)
____________________.
119. The ____________________ model of the criminal justice system emphasizes individual freedom and rights.
120. “Celebrated cases” are at layer __________of the criminal justice wedding cake model of criminal justice.
121. Packer’s model of the criminal justice system which stresses efficiency, speed, finality, and disposition of crimes is
called the ____________________.
122. Packer’s model of the criminal justice system which stresses the adversarial process, the rights of defendants, and
formal decision-making procedures is called the __________________________.
123. Differential treatment based upon race, class or gender, without regard to behavior or qualifications, is known as
____________________.
124. African American males are sent to jails and prisons at a rate of ____ times greater than that of whites.
125. Policies developed through guidance from research studies that demonstrate which approaches are most useful and
cost effective for advancing desired goals are called ______ _______ ________.
126. Evidence-based practices are designed to advance the ____ of the criminal justice system.
127. _______ are the interdependent parts within the larger system.
Subjective Short Answer
Officer Jeff McNair arrives at the scene of a robbery in progress. Upon arrival, he is met with the victim who states that
an armed intruder has entered his home wearing a ski mask and demanding money. The victim stated that the intruder had
fled on foot through the back door prior to the officer’s arrival.
128. Officer McNair is determined to be the first officer on the scene. His arrival establishes what part of the decision
making process?
a. investigation
b. arrest
c. initial appearance
d. charging
e. indictment
129. Officer McNair is forced to make several decisions regarding this case. Should he take a report, should he actively
look for the intruder, or should he interview witnesses? Determining what is the best solution to the problem is an
important component to an officer’s job. This is often referred to as:
a. adjudication.
b. information.
c. booking.
d. discretion.
e. none of these.
130. Officer McNair locates the suspect approximately two blocks from the victim’s location. The suspect is immediately
arrested and is awaiting trial in jail. Soon after his arrest, he goes before a judge. The suspect currently finds himself in
what step of the decision making process?
a. investigation
b. arrest
c. initial appearance
d. charging
e. trial
131. The intruder has been arrested and the presiding judge is the only person who can now accept or reject the
defendant’s
a. plea bargain.
b. case.
c. indictment.
d. demand for parole.
e. charges.
132. Which court system will hear this court case?
a. California District Court
b. Federal Court
c. Magistrate Court
d. California Trial Court
e. U.S. Supreme Court
133. If Natalie had been charged with possession of marijuana in North Carolina, where all use of marijuana is illegal,
which court would hear her case?
a. North Carolina District Court
b. Federal Court
c. Magistrate Court
d. Depends on the arresting jurisdiction
e. U.S. Supreme Court
134. Natalie’s case is an example of what type of court system?
a. dual court system
b. single court system
c. state court system
d. federal court system
e. magistrate court system
Dominic Allen, an African American, and renowned neurosurgeon, was driving 10 miles over the speed limit in the
newest model Lexus LS when an officer pulled him over. The officer immediately asked Mr. Allen what was someone
like him doing in the given location in such a vehicle.
135. Given the preface, Mr. Allen was likely a victim of ____ by the officer who pulled him over.
a. prejudice
b. racial profiling
c. disparity
d. discrimination
e. negative discretion
136. Mr. Allen immediately asked the officer why he was stopped. The officer responded by stating that Mr. Allen was
speeding and deserved the ticket. This is an example of:
a. prejudice.
b. racial profiling.
c. disparity.
d. discrimination.
e. enforcement.
137. Actions such as those committed by such officers and various departments may be responsible for what is often
referred to as:
a. prejudice.
b. racial profiling.
c. disparity.
d. discrimination.
e. none of these.
Essay
138. According to Cole and Smith, the criminal justice system operates toward three primary goals. Identify and describe
these goals.
139. The U.S. criminal justice system operates under the concept of “federalism.” Describe the concept of federalism, and
discuss one key difference between state and federal criminal justice systems.
140. Describe how the structure and organization of the criminal justice system, especially at the federal level, has
changed since the 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. What major agency was formed at the
federal level and what is the agency’s role?
141. Review the concepts of system and exchange in describing the criminal justice system. Explain how plea bargaining
benefits the system, and how it demonstrates the exchange relationships in the criminal justice system.
142. Discuss the use of discretion in the criminal justice system. What are some arguments that are used to justify its use?
143. The flow of the criminal justice system is often described as a funnel or filtering process. How does this system filter
crimes and cases reported to police? In what ways may cases exit this system?
144. Discuss the three main components of the American criminal justice system and the functions they serve.
145. Police are a highly visible component of the criminal justice system. Describe the four major duties that police
agencies exercise in the United States.
146. Imagine you are a legislator in your home state. What policies would you suggest to reduce disparate incarceration
rates for minorities in the criminal justice system?
147. What is the difference between disparity and discrimination? If someone asked you to provide evidence that
discrimination exists in the American criminal justice system, what would you say? Be sure to explain how this differs
from simple disparity.
148. Explain what is meant by evidence-based practices and how they may assist the police.
149. What role does the Fourteenth Amendment play in preventing disparity by the criminal justice system?
150. How did the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, affect federalism as it applies to the criminal justice system?