1.Mosthistoriansascribethelabelof“firstarchaeologist”to:​
a.​Petrarch.
b.​Ciriacode’Pizzicolli.
c.​Nabonidus.
d.​BoucherdePerthes.
2.ThelastkingoftheNeo-BabylonianEmpire,Nabonidus,isfrequentlyknownasthe“firstarchaeologist”because:​
a.​hewasthefirstdocumentedprehistoricindividualtoshowaninterestinthepast.
b.​hetriedtoanswerquestionsaboutthepastbylookingatthephysicalremainsofthepast.
c.​heemployedmodernarchaeologicalfieldtechniquesinhisexcavations.
d.​heworkedwithinanexplicittheoreticalparadigm.
3.PetrarchisconsideredperhapsthemostinfluentialindividualoftheearlyRenaissancebecausehe:​
a.​traveledextensivelytoexoticlandsandconductedmeticulousexcavations,increasingpublicinterestinthe
past.
b.​consideredtheremotepastanidealofperfection,andarguedthatmoralphilosophycouldbefoundwithin
ancientclassicalcivilizations.
c.​arguedthattheconceptofGodhadbecomeincreasinglyirrelevanttoexplanationsofthenaturalworld.
d.​discoveredancientPaleolithichandaxesinassociationwithextinctmammalskeletons,therebyestablishing
theantiquityofhumanity.
4.Theabbreviation“AD”referringtoageinanarchaeologicalorhistoriccontextmeans:​
a.​intheyearofthelord.
b.​afterdeath.
c.​approximatedeath.
d.​nothing;thereisnoliteraltranslation.
5.Today,mostarchaeologistsfeelmorecomfortableusingthefollowingabbreviationwhenprovidingadate:​
a.​BC.
b.​BP.
c.​AD.
d.​BCE.
6.An“antiquarian”issomeonewhoisinterestedin:​
a.​reconstructingthelifewaysofcommonersinclassicalancientcivilizationssuchasGreeceandRome.
b.​detaileddocumentationofthecontextinwhichprehistoricartifactsarefound.
c.​ancientobjectsstrictlyfortheirartisticvalue,ratherthanfortheinformationtheyprovideaboutthepeopleor
culturethatproducedthem.
d.​everythingthatartifactscantellusaboutthepast.
7.GiovanniBattistaBelzonistoodapartfromotherantiquariansofhistimeduetothefactthat:​
a.​hetooknotesandmadeillustrationsandobservationsoftheplaceshevisited.
b.​herecoverednumerousstatues,mummiesandcarvings.
c.​heremovedanothercountry’sculturalheritagefromitshomeland.
d.​hismethodsweredestructiveenoughtomakearchaeologiststodaycringe.
8.Thefollowingcontributedtothesupportanddiscoveryofdeeptime:​
a.​CharlesDarwinpublisheshisinfluentialbookOntheOriginofSpecies.
b.​JamesUssherconcludesthatCreationbeganatsunsetonSaturday,October22,4004BC.
c.​JacquesBocherdeCrevecoeurdePerthesfoundancientaxeheadsinthegravelsoftheSommeRiver.
d.​CharlesDarwinpublisheshisinfluentialbookOntheOriginofSpeciesandJacquesBocherdeCrevecoeur
dePerthesfoundancientaxeheadsinthegravelsoftheSommeRiver.
9.CharlesLyell’s1865bookTheGeologicEvidencesfortheAntiquityofManwasimportantbecauseit:​
a.​documentedthefactthathumanshadlivedwithnowextinctanimalsinthedistantpast.
b.​providedevidencethathumanshadbeenontheearthforafarshortertimethanotherscholarsofthetime
suggested.
c.​arguedforanextremelyyoungageoftheearth(notmorethan6000yearsold).
d.​finallyshowedthatthe“ancientaxheads”discoveredinrivergravelswerenothingmorethannaturally
fracturedrivercobbles.
10.Whichofthefollowingdatesistheyoungest?​
a.​AD1066
b.​1066BC
c.​1066BCE
d.​1066BP
11.ArchbishopJamesUssher(1581–1656)wasresponsibleforwhichofthefollowing?​
a.​Establishingtheantiquityofmanbyrecognizingancienthandaxesassociatedwithextinctmammalbones.
b.​Promotingtheconceptoforganicevolutionatatimewhenmostscholarsrejectedevolutionarythought.
c.​Conductingintensiveexcavationsaimedatresolvingthequestionofhumanantiquity.
d.​Calculatingtheageoftheearthbasedonbiblicalgenealogy,andconcludingthatCreationoccurredon
October22,4004BC.
12.TheyearAD1859wasanimportantyearinthehistoryofhumanthoughtbecauseitwastheyearthat:​
a.​CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpecies.
b.​thescientificcommunitydeclaredsupportfortheremoteantiquityofhumankind.
c.​CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpeciesandthescientificcommunitydeclaredsupportforthe
remoteantiquityofhumankind.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
13.Theconceptof“deeptime”referstothefollowing:​
a.​thattheoldestartifactsarefoundinthedeepestpartsofasite.
b.​therecognitionthatlifeisancientandevolvedovertime.
c.​lifeonearthcannotbemeasuredinthousandsofyears.
d.​therecognitionthatlifeisancientandevolvedovertimeandthatlifeonearthcannotbemeasuredin
thousandsofyears.
14.SpeculationastotheoriginofthefirstpeopleintheNewWorldincluded:​
a.​thatNativeAmericanswereoneoftheLostTribesofIsrael.
b.​thatIndianscamefromAtlantis.
c.​thattheywerevoyagingEgyptians,Vikings,Chinese,orPhoenicians.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
15.Classicalarchaeologyis:​
a.​thebranchofarchaeologythatstudiestheclassicalcivilizationsoftheMediterranean,suchasGreeceand
Rome,andtheNearEast.
b.​archaeologyasitwaspracticedinclassicaltimesinplacessuchasGreeceandRomeandtheNearEast.
c.​thatperiodinthehistoryofAmericanarchaeologyinwhichantiquarianismdominatedthegoalsof
archaeology.
d.​thatperiodinthehistoryofAmericanarchaeologyinwhichLewisBinfordandhisstudentsdominated
archaeologicalmethodandtheory.
16.A“midden”is:​
a.​anykindofartifactthathasbeendiscardedbyprehistoricpopulations.
b.​arefusedepositresultingfromhumanactivities.
c.​anykindofhistoricartifact.
d.​aspecifickindofstoragestructureusedbyprehistoricpopulations.
17.“Stratigraphy”is:​
a.​thestudyofasite’sartifactassemblage.
b.​thethoroughanddetaileddocumentationofarchaeologicalexcavations.
c.​theprocedurebywhicharchaeologicalsitesareprofessionallymapped.
d.​asite’sphysicalstructureproducedbythedepositionofgeologicaland/orculturalsedimentsintolayers.
18.A.V.Kidder(1886–1963)demonstratedthatpotsherdsarearchaeologicallyimportantbecausetheycanprovide
evidenceof:​
a.​culturalrelationshipsamongvariousprehistoricgroups.
b.​thetypesoffoodcontainedintheoriginalclaystoragevessel.
c.​prehistoricceramicmanufacturingtechnology.
d.​potsherdsareofnoarchaeologicalimportance;theyaresimplybrokenpiecesofpottery.
19.TheteamworkapproachusedbyA.V.KidderatChichenItzaistermed:​
a.​Pan-Scientific.
b.​Processualarchaeology.
c.​Culturehistory.
d.​NewArchaeology.
20.JensJacobAsmussenWorssaewasconsideredtobe:​
a.​anhistorianwhostudiedAnglo-Saxonlawandwritings.
b.​anantiquarianwhowasinterestedincollectingobjectsratherthanlearningaboutthem.
c.​thefirstprofessionalarchaeologist.
d.​theoriginatorofthenewarchaeologymovementofthe1960s.
21.Thecontributionofwomentothedevelopmentofarchaeologyisbestsummedupbywhichstatement?​
a.​Womencontributednothing;itwasn’tuntilthe1960sduringthefightforcivilrightsthatanywomenwere
acceptedintothearchaeologicalcommunityandallowedtoconductarchaeologicalresearch.
b.​Womencontributedverylittle;archaeologicalresearchwascompletelydominatedbymenthroughoutthe
developmentofarchaeology,andisstillheavilydominatedbymentoday.
c.​Althoughwomendidcontributetothedevelopmentofarchaeology,theircontributionsarelesswell-known
thanthoseofmenbecausetheywereexcludedfromtraditionalcommunicationnetworks.
d.​Throughoutthedevelopmentofarchaeology,thecontributionsofmenandwomenhavebeenroughlyequal,
andthesecontributionsareequallyaswellknowntoday;thisisatestamenttotheearlydevelopmentof
women’srightsinAmerica.
22.H.MarieWormingtonisanimportantcharacterinthedevelopmentofAmericanistarchaeologyduringthefirsthalf
ofthe20thcenturybecause:​
a.​sheillustrateshowdifficultitwasforawomantobreakintothemale-dominatedfieldofAmericanist
archaeologyatthattime;althoughwell-qualifiedtoconductarchaeologicalresearch,shewasnevergiventhe
opportunity.
b.​sheisanexampleofafemalepioneerinAmericanistarchaeology,andhercontributionsarestillconsidered
importanttoday.
c.​sheshowsthatalthoughwomenwereinterestedinarchaeologyduringthistime,theysimplyweren’tyet
readytoparticipateinarchaeologicalresearch;Wormington’sresearchwasirrelevantandscientifically
unsound.
d.​sheillustratesthatalthoughwomenwerenotyetpermittedtoconductarchaeologicalresearchduringthis
time,theywerestillimportantinthefieldduringexcavationsascampcooksandlogisticalorganizers.
23.Culturehistoryis:​
a.​thekindofarchaeologypracticedduringRenaissancetimes,primarilyfocusedonthereconstructionof
classicalcivilizations.
b.​abreakthroughinarchaeologicalthoughtthatrejectedsimpledescriptionsofculturaldevelopmentthrough
timeformorecomprehensiveinterpretationsofpastlifeways.
c.​thekindofarchaeologypracticedduringtheearlytomid-20thcentury,inwhichchangesinartifact
frequenciesthroughtimewereexplainedbydiffusionofideasormigrationofpeople.
d.​thekindofarchaeologymostfrequentlypracticedtodaybyAmericanistarchaeologists.
24.Thepersonmostresponsibleforthedevelopmentandpopularizationofthe“NewArchaeology”inthe1960swas:​
a.​WalterW.Taylor.
b.​LewisR.Binford.
c.​H.MarieWormington.
d.​KathleenA.Deagan.
25.The“NewArchaeology”ofthe1960s:​
a.​wasactuallynotnewatall;itmarkedacontinuationofthesamewayarchaeologyhadbeenpracticedfor
manydecades,andprovidesonlyanarbitrarytemporaldivisioninthehistoryofarchaeology.
b.​wasanapproachthatemphasizedtheunderstandingofunderlyingculturalprocessesandtheuseofthe
scientificmethod.
c.​issometimescalledprocessualarchaeologytoday.
d.​wasanapproachthatemphasizedtheunderstandingofunderlyingculturalprocessesandtheuseofthe
scientificmethodandissometimescalledprocessualarchaeologytoday.
26.The“NewArchaeology”ofthe1960s:​
a.​insistedonthecontributionofarchaeologytogeneralanthropologicaltheory.
b.​advocatedtheimportanceofscientificmethods.
c.​arguedthatarchaeologistsshouldalwaysworkfromrepresentativesamples.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
27.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthestateofarchaeologyinthetwenty-firstcentury?​
a.​The“NewArchaeology”ofthe1960shasforthemostpartbeenuncriticallyacceptedbynearlyall
archaeologists,andcurrentlydominatesarchaeologicalthought.
b.​Archaeologyistodayverydiverse,representingmanydifferenttheoreticalperspectives;thereisnosingle,
defining,dominatingtrend.
c.​Whateverpublicinterestandinvolvementarchaeologyonceexperiencedhasdramaticallydiminished;
archaeologyasadisciplineisattheriskofextinction.
d.​Archaeologytoday,asitwasthroughouttheentirehistoryofarchaeology,isheavilydominatedbywhite
males,withvirtuallynoinvolvementbywomanandotherminorities.
28.GertrudeCaton-Thompsonmadesignificantcontributionstoarchaeologybecause:​
a.​shefeltthatarchaeologistsshouldfocustheirresearchontheartifactsfoundintombsandtemples,andspent
herentirecareerdevotedtotheirstudy.
b.​shefeltthatmuchcouldbelearnedbystudyingsettlementsandwasthefirstarchaeologisttoexcavatea
villagesiteinEgypt.
c.​shebelievedthatarchaeologistswereresponsibleforprotectingthemselvesinthefieldandsleptwitha
revolverbesideherpillow.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
29.Archaeologistsareofteninvolvedwiththegeneralpublicbecause:​
a.​archaeologyisoftremendouspublicinterest;thepublicwantstoknowaboutthepast.
b.​archaeologydependsonpublicsupportforitslivelihood,andsoconsequentlyitowessomethingbacktothe
public.
c.​archaeologyisoftremendouspublicinterest;thepublicwantstoknowaboutthepastandarchaeology
dependsonpublicsupportforitslivelihood,andsoconsequentlyitowessomethingbacktothepublic.
d.​Noneoftheanswers;archaeologistsavoidthepublicbecausethepublicmightloottheirsites.
30.In1572MatthewParker,QueenElizabeth’sarchbishopofCanterbury,formedtheSocietyofAntiquaries,devoted
tothestudyofAnglo-Saxonlawandwritings.TheSocietyofAntiquariesusedancientdocumentstodemonstrate
thatWilliamtheConquerordidnotactuallycreateEnglishCommonLaw.KingJamesorderedthedissolutionofthe
Societyin1614.Theseeventsbestexemplify​
a.​“restoringthedeadtolife”remainsafairdefinitionoftheeverydaybusinessofarchaeology.
b.​theoverallgoalofBritishantiquarianismwastomap,record,andpreservenationaltreasures.
c.​thestudyofthepastisoftencontroversial.
d.​thehistoryofarchaeologyreflectsachangingrelationshiptoancientobjects.
31.Middenisatermthatrefersto​
a.​charcoal,bonesofanimalsandstoneimplementsinanarchaeologicalcontext.
b.​trashheapscreatedbypeople.
c.​fragmentsofpottery.
d.​asite’sphysicalstructure.
32.Archaeologyisaboutancientobjects,referredtoas​
a.​stratigraphy.
b.​middens.
c.​potsherds.
d.​artifacts.
33.AsinvestigatorscametorecognizeconsiderablecontinuitiesbetweentheunknownprehistoricpastandtheNative
Americanpopulationofthehistoricperiod,​
a.​scholarssawthatlivingNativeAmericanswererelevanttotheinterpretationofarchaeologicalremains.
b.​thedifferencesbetweenEuropeanandAmericanarchaeologydisappeared.
c.​speculationarosethatNativeAmericanswereoneoftheLostTribesofIsrael.
d.​thestudyofAmericanIndianswasnolongeranimportantdomaininWesternscholarship.
34.Theyear1859isimportanttoarchaeologybecause​
a.​CharlesLyellpublishedthebookTheGeologicalEvidencesoftheAntiquityofMan.
b.​CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpecies.
c.​ClassicalArchaeologybeganasafieldofarchaeology.
d.​HughFalconervisitedAbbevilletoexaminedisputedevidencefromFrenchgravelpits.
35.AlfredKidderisimportanttoarchaeologybecause​
a.​hediscountedaerialreconnaissanceasameanstodiscovernewruins.
b.​heamassedastaffofuntrainedcitizenstoconductarchaeologicalinvestigations.
c.​hemaintainedthatanarchaeologistwasamoldyvarietyofanthropologist.
d.​hefoundlittlesupporttosuggestthatPecosPueblowasviableformorethanonecentury.
36.Stratigraphyisatermthatappliesto​
a.​decadesofarchaeologicalresearch.
b.​techniquesusedbyindigenousAfricanpeoplestocreateastructure.
c.​asite’sphysicalstructureproducedbydepositionandsediments.
d.​manufactureofpotteryandimplements.
37.Documentinghowmaterialculturechangedovertimeandspaceisreferredtoas​
a.​evolution.
b.​stratigraphy.
c.​culturehistory.
d.​sedimentation.
38.LewisBinfordisresponsibleforestablishingaconcernformethodsinreconstructingthepast.Thisbecameknown
as​
a.​culturehistory.
b.​stratification.
c.​NewArchaeology.
d.​archaeology.
39.Basedonthelevelofpublicsupport,​
a.​morearchaeologywillbeneededinthefuture.
b.​lessarchaeologywillbeneededinthefuture.
c.​archaeologyhasnofuture.
d.​archaeologywillincreasinglybeapastimeofwealthy.
40.NewWorldarchaeologyisrarelyifeverinvolvedinethicaldilemmas,inlargepartbecauseitdealswiththematerial
remainsofpastculturesthathavenolivingdescendants.​
a.True
b.False
41.Anartifactisanymovableobjectthathasbeenused,modified,ormanufacturedbyhumans.​
a.True
b.False
42.Anantiquarianisapersonconcernedmorewiththepeopleofthepastthanwiththeobjectsofthepast.​
a.True
b.False
43.LewisR.Binfordisafirmsupporteroftheconceptthatthegoalofarchaeologyisto“digupthepast”anddiscover
asmuchofthepastaspossible.​
a.True
b.False
44.A.V.Kidderarguedagainsttheinterdisciplinaryinvolvementofspecialistsinarchaeologicalresearchbecausethey
lackedthenecessaryanthropologicaltraining.​
a.True
b.False
45.Classicalarchaeologyisconcernedprimarilywiththe“classical”civilizationsoftheMediterranean,suchasGreece
andRome,andtheNearEast.​
a.True
b.False
46.Amiddenisarefusedepositresultingfromhumanactivities,generallyconsistingofsediment.​
a.True
b.False
47.Culturehistoryisthemostfrequentlypracticedkindofarchaeologytoday,especiallyinAmerica.​
a.True
b.False
48.Today,historicalarchaeologyisameansofdiscoveringpredictablerelationshipsbetweenhumanadaptive
strategies,ideology,andpatternedvariabilityinthearchaeologicalrecord.​
a.True
b.False
49.Archaeologyenjoysenormouspublicinterestthatsuggestsmorearchaeologywillbeneededinthefuture.​
a.True
b.False
50.Mostarcheologistsareemployedbyfederalagenciesandprivate“culturalresourcemanagement”firms.​
a.True
b.False
51.Today,therearefewerwomenandminoritiesinvolvedintheprofessionofarchaeologythaneverbefore.​
a.True
b.False
52.Discusstheoriginsofarchaeology.Whoisresponsiblefortheearliestexcavations?Wheredidtheytakeplace?
Whydidtheresultsofthisresearchmarkasignificantdeparturefromearlierexplanationsofthepast?​
53.Inthe17thcentury,howolddidEuropeanscholarssuchasJamesUsherthinktheworldwas?Howdidthe
discoveryof“deeptime”changethiswayofthinking?​
54.WhatweresometheoriesabouttheoriginofNativeAmericanpopulationsinthepast?Howmightthishave
contributedtothetreatmentofarchaeologicalremainsintheNewWorld?​
55.Distinguishbetweenwhatanantiquariandoesandthatofamodernarchaeologist.Whoweresomeofthe
antiquariansofthepast?Whatweresomeoftheirmajoraccomplishments?​
56.Whoisconsideredtobethefirstprofessionalarchaeologist?Whatmadehimdifferentthanantiquariansofthe
past?​
57.Listseveralearlyarchaeologists,anddescribetheircontributionstothefieldofarchaeology.​
58.LewisR.Binforddescribesthefieldofarchaeologyasbeingaboutmorethanjustdiscoveringnewthings.What
doeshesuggestshouldbethegoalofarchaeology?ProvideanexamplefromBinford’sworktosupportyour
answer.​
59.Howhasarchaeologychangedinthetwenty-firstcentury?Discussdifferencesinthearchaeologiststhemselves,
theirtechniques,andresearchinterests.​