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1.Mosthistoriansascribethelabelof“firstarchaeologist”to:
a.Petrarch.
b.Ciriacode’Pizzicolli.
c.Nabonidus.
d.BoucherdePerthes.
2.ThelastkingoftheNeo-BabylonianEmpire,Nabonidus,isfrequentlyknownasthe“firstarchaeologist”because:
a.hewasthefirstdocumentedprehistoricindividualtoshowaninterestinthepast.
b.hetriedtoanswerquestionsaboutthepastbylookingatthephysicalremainsofthepast.
c.heemployedmodernarchaeologicalfieldtechniquesinhisexcavations.
d.heworkedwithinanexplicittheoreticalparadigm.
3.PetrarchisconsideredperhapsthemostinfluentialindividualoftheearlyRenaissancebecausehe:
a.traveledextensivelytoexoticlandsandconductedmeticulousexcavations,increasingpublicinterestinthe
past.
b.consideredtheremotepastanidealofperfection,andarguedthatmoralphilosophycouldbefoundwithin
ancientclassicalcivilizations.
c.arguedthattheconceptofGodhadbecomeincreasinglyirrelevanttoexplanationsofthenaturalworld.
d.discoveredancientPaleolithichandaxesinassociationwithextinctmammalskeletons,therebyestablishing
theantiquityofhumanity.
4.Theabbreviation“AD”referringtoageinanarchaeologicalorhistoriccontextmeans:
a.intheyearofthelord.
b.afterdeath.
c.approximatedeath.
d.nothing;thereisnoliteraltranslation.
5.Today,mostarchaeologistsfeelmorecomfortableusingthefollowingabbreviationwhenprovidingadate:
a.BC.
b.BP.
c.AD.
d.BCE.
6.An“antiquarian”issomeonewhoisinterestedin:
a.reconstructingthelifewaysofcommonersinclassicalancientcivilizationssuchasGreeceandRome.
b.detaileddocumentationofthecontextinwhichprehistoricartifactsarefound.
c.ancientobjectsstrictlyfortheirartisticvalue,ratherthanfortheinformationtheyprovideaboutthepeopleor
culturethatproducedthem.
d.everythingthatartifactscantellusaboutthepast.
7.GiovanniBattistaBelzonistoodapartfromotherantiquariansofhistimeduetothefactthat:
a.hetooknotesandmadeillustrationsandobservationsoftheplaceshevisited.
b.herecoverednumerousstatues,mummiesandcarvings.
c.heremovedanothercountry’sculturalheritagefromitshomeland.
d.hismethodsweredestructiveenoughtomakearchaeologiststodaycringe.
8.Thefollowingcontributedtothesupportanddiscoveryofdeeptime:
a.CharlesDarwinpublisheshisinfluentialbookOntheOriginofSpecies.
b.JamesUssherconcludesthatCreationbeganatsunsetonSaturday,October22,4004BC.
c.JacquesBocherdeCrevecoeurdePerthesfoundancientaxeheadsinthegravelsoftheSommeRiver.
d.CharlesDarwinpublisheshisinfluentialbookOntheOriginofSpeciesandJacquesBocherdeCrevecoeur
dePerthesfoundancientaxeheadsinthegravelsoftheSommeRiver.
9.CharlesLyell’s1865bookTheGeologicEvidencesfortheAntiquityofManwasimportantbecauseit:
a.documentedthefactthathumanshadlivedwithnowextinctanimalsinthedistantpast.
b.providedevidencethathumanshadbeenontheearthforafarshortertimethanotherscholarsofthetime
suggested.
c.arguedforanextremelyyoungageoftheearth(notmorethan6000yearsold).
d.finallyshowedthatthe“ancientaxheads”discoveredinrivergravelswerenothingmorethannaturally
fracturedrivercobbles.
10.Whichofthefollowingdatesistheyoungest?
a.AD1066
b.1066BC
c.1066BCE
d.1066BP
11.ArchbishopJamesUssher(1581–1656)wasresponsibleforwhichofthefollowing?
a.Establishingtheantiquityofmanbyrecognizingancienthandaxesassociatedwithextinctmammalbones.
b.Promotingtheconceptoforganicevolutionatatimewhenmostscholarsrejectedevolutionarythought.
c.Conductingintensiveexcavationsaimedatresolvingthequestionofhumanantiquity.
d.Calculatingtheageoftheearthbasedonbiblicalgenealogy,andconcludingthatCreationoccurredon
October22,4004BC.
12.TheyearAD1859wasanimportantyearinthehistoryofhumanthoughtbecauseitwastheyearthat:
a.CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpecies.
b.thescientificcommunitydeclaredsupportfortheremoteantiquityofhumankind.
c.CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpeciesandthescientificcommunitydeclaredsupportforthe
remoteantiquityofhumankind.
d.Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
13.Theconceptof“deeptime”referstothefollowing:
a.thattheoldestartifactsarefoundinthedeepestpartsofasite.
b.therecognitionthatlifeisancientandevolvedovertime.
c.lifeonearthcannotbemeasuredinthousandsofyears.
d.therecognitionthatlifeisancientandevolvedovertimeandthatlifeonearthcannotbemeasuredin
thousandsofyears.
14.SpeculationastotheoriginofthefirstpeopleintheNewWorldincluded:
a.thatNativeAmericanswereoneoftheLostTribesofIsrael.
b.thatIndianscamefromAtlantis.
c.thattheywerevoyagingEgyptians,Vikings,Chinese,orPhoenicians.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
15.Classicalarchaeologyis:
a.thebranchofarchaeologythatstudiestheclassicalcivilizationsoftheMediterranean,suchasGreeceand
Rome,andtheNearEast.
b.archaeologyasitwaspracticedinclassicaltimesinplacessuchasGreeceandRomeandtheNearEast.
c.thatperiodinthehistoryofAmericanarchaeologyinwhichantiquarianismdominatedthegoalsof
archaeology.
d.thatperiodinthehistoryofAmericanarchaeologyinwhichLewisBinfordandhisstudentsdominated
archaeologicalmethodandtheory.
16.A“midden”is:
a.anykindofartifactthathasbeendiscardedbyprehistoricpopulations.
b.arefusedepositresultingfromhumanactivities.
c.anykindofhistoricartifact.
d.aspecifickindofstoragestructureusedbyprehistoricpopulations.
17.“Stratigraphy”is:
a.thestudyofasite’sartifactassemblage.
b.thethoroughanddetaileddocumentationofarchaeologicalexcavations.
c.theprocedurebywhicharchaeologicalsitesareprofessionallymapped.
d.asite’sphysicalstructureproducedbythedepositionofgeologicaland/orculturalsedimentsintolayers.
18.A.V.Kidder(1886–1963)demonstratedthatpotsherdsarearchaeologicallyimportantbecausetheycanprovide
evidenceof:
a.culturalrelationshipsamongvariousprehistoricgroups.
b.thetypesoffoodcontainedintheoriginalclaystoragevessel.
c.prehistoricceramicmanufacturingtechnology.
d.potsherdsareofnoarchaeologicalimportance;theyaresimplybrokenpiecesofpottery.
19.TheteamworkapproachusedbyA.V.KidderatChichenItzaistermed:
a.Pan-Scientific.
b.Processualarchaeology.
c.Culturehistory.
d.NewArchaeology.
20.JensJacobAsmussenWorssaewasconsideredtobe:
a.anhistorianwhostudiedAnglo-Saxonlawandwritings.
b.anantiquarianwhowasinterestedincollectingobjectsratherthanlearningaboutthem.
c.thefirstprofessionalarchaeologist.
d.theoriginatorofthenewarchaeologymovementofthe1960s.
21.Thecontributionofwomentothedevelopmentofarchaeologyisbestsummedupbywhichstatement?
a.Womencontributednothing;itwasn’tuntilthe1960sduringthefightforcivilrightsthatanywomenwere
acceptedintothearchaeologicalcommunityandallowedtoconductarchaeologicalresearch.
b.Womencontributedverylittle;archaeologicalresearchwascompletelydominatedbymenthroughoutthe
developmentofarchaeology,andisstillheavilydominatedbymentoday.
c.Althoughwomendidcontributetothedevelopmentofarchaeology,theircontributionsarelesswell-known
thanthoseofmenbecausetheywereexcludedfromtraditionalcommunicationnetworks.
d.Throughoutthedevelopmentofarchaeology,thecontributionsofmenandwomenhavebeenroughlyequal,
andthesecontributionsareequallyaswellknowntoday;thisisatestamenttotheearlydevelopmentof
women’srightsinAmerica.
22.H.MarieWormingtonisanimportantcharacterinthedevelopmentofAmericanistarchaeologyduringthefirsthalf
ofthe20thcenturybecause:
a.sheillustrateshowdifficultitwasforawomantobreakintothemale-dominatedfieldofAmericanist
archaeologyatthattime;althoughwell-qualifiedtoconductarchaeologicalresearch,shewasnevergiventhe
opportunity.
b.sheisanexampleofafemalepioneerinAmericanistarchaeology,andhercontributionsarestillconsidered
importanttoday.
c.sheshowsthatalthoughwomenwereinterestedinarchaeologyduringthistime,theysimplyweren’tyet
readytoparticipateinarchaeologicalresearch;Wormington’sresearchwasirrelevantandscientifically
unsound.
d.sheillustratesthatalthoughwomenwerenotyetpermittedtoconductarchaeologicalresearchduringthis
time,theywerestillimportantinthefieldduringexcavationsascampcooksandlogisticalorganizers.
23.Culturehistoryis:
a.thekindofarchaeologypracticedduringRenaissancetimes,primarilyfocusedonthereconstructionof
classicalcivilizations.
b.abreakthroughinarchaeologicalthoughtthatrejectedsimpledescriptionsofculturaldevelopmentthrough
timeformorecomprehensiveinterpretationsofpastlifeways.
c.thekindofarchaeologypracticedduringtheearlytomid-20thcentury,inwhichchangesinartifact
frequenciesthroughtimewereexplainedbydiffusionofideasormigrationofpeople.
d.thekindofarchaeologymostfrequentlypracticedtodaybyAmericanistarchaeologists.
24.Thepersonmostresponsibleforthedevelopmentandpopularizationofthe“NewArchaeology”inthe1960swas:
a.WalterW.Taylor.
b.LewisR.Binford.
c.H.MarieWormington.
d.KathleenA.Deagan.
25.The“NewArchaeology”ofthe1960s:
a.wasactuallynotnewatall;itmarkedacontinuationofthesamewayarchaeologyhadbeenpracticedfor
manydecades,andprovidesonlyanarbitrarytemporaldivisioninthehistoryofarchaeology.
b.wasanapproachthatemphasizedtheunderstandingofunderlyingculturalprocessesandtheuseofthe
scientificmethod.
c.issometimescalledprocessualarchaeologytoday.
d.wasanapproachthatemphasizedtheunderstandingofunderlyingculturalprocessesandtheuseofthe
scientificmethodandissometimescalledprocessualarchaeologytoday.
26.The“NewArchaeology”ofthe1960s:
a.insistedonthecontributionofarchaeologytogeneralanthropologicaltheory.
b.advocatedtheimportanceofscientificmethods.
c.arguedthatarchaeologistsshouldalwaysworkfromrepresentativesamples.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
27.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthestateofarchaeologyinthetwenty-firstcentury?
a.The“NewArchaeology”ofthe1960shasforthemostpartbeenuncriticallyacceptedbynearlyall
archaeologists,andcurrentlydominatesarchaeologicalthought.
b.Archaeologyistodayverydiverse,representingmanydifferenttheoreticalperspectives;thereisnosingle,
defining,dominatingtrend.
c.Whateverpublicinterestandinvolvementarchaeologyonceexperiencedhasdramaticallydiminished;
archaeologyasadisciplineisattheriskofextinction.
d.Archaeologytoday,asitwasthroughouttheentirehistoryofarchaeology,isheavilydominatedbywhite
males,withvirtuallynoinvolvementbywomanandotherminorities.
28.GertrudeCaton-Thompsonmadesignificantcontributionstoarchaeologybecause:
a.shefeltthatarchaeologistsshouldfocustheirresearchontheartifactsfoundintombsandtemples,andspent
herentirecareerdevotedtotheirstudy.
b.shefeltthatmuchcouldbelearnedbystudyingsettlementsandwasthefirstarchaeologisttoexcavatea
villagesiteinEgypt.
c.shebelievedthatarchaeologistswereresponsibleforprotectingthemselvesinthefieldandsleptwitha
revolverbesideherpillow.
d.Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
29.Archaeologistsareofteninvolvedwiththegeneralpublicbecause:
a.archaeologyisoftremendouspublicinterest;thepublicwantstoknowaboutthepast.
b.archaeologydependsonpublicsupportforitslivelihood,andsoconsequentlyitowessomethingbacktothe
public.
c.archaeologyisoftremendouspublicinterest;thepublicwantstoknowaboutthepastandarchaeology
dependsonpublicsupportforitslivelihood,andsoconsequentlyitowessomethingbacktothepublic.
d.Noneoftheanswers;archaeologistsavoidthepublicbecausethepublicmightloottheirsites.
30.In1572MatthewParker,QueenElizabeth’sarchbishopofCanterbury,formedtheSocietyofAntiquaries,devoted
tothestudyofAnglo-Saxonlawandwritings.TheSocietyofAntiquariesusedancientdocumentstodemonstrate
thatWilliamtheConquerordidnotactuallycreateEnglishCommonLaw.KingJamesorderedthedissolutionofthe
Societyin1614.Theseeventsbestexemplify
a.“restoringthedeadtolife”remainsafairdefinitionoftheeverydaybusinessofarchaeology.
b.theoverallgoalofBritishantiquarianismwastomap,record,andpreservenationaltreasures.
c.thestudyofthepastisoftencontroversial.
d.thehistoryofarchaeologyreflectsachangingrelationshiptoancientobjects.
31.Middenisatermthatrefersto
a.charcoal,bonesofanimalsandstoneimplementsinanarchaeologicalcontext.
b.trashheapscreatedbypeople.
c.fragmentsofpottery.
d.asite’sphysicalstructure.
32.Archaeologyisaboutancientobjects,referredtoas
a.stratigraphy.
b.middens.
c.potsherds.
d.artifacts.
33.AsinvestigatorscametorecognizeconsiderablecontinuitiesbetweentheunknownprehistoricpastandtheNative
Americanpopulationofthehistoricperiod,
a.scholarssawthatlivingNativeAmericanswererelevanttotheinterpretationofarchaeologicalremains.
b.thedifferencesbetweenEuropeanandAmericanarchaeologydisappeared.
c.speculationarosethatNativeAmericanswereoneoftheLostTribesofIsrael.
d.thestudyofAmericanIndianswasnolongeranimportantdomaininWesternscholarship.
34.Theyear1859isimportanttoarchaeologybecause
a.CharlesLyellpublishedthebookTheGeologicalEvidencesoftheAntiquityofMan.
b.CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpecies.
c.ClassicalArchaeologybeganasafieldofarchaeology.
d.HughFalconervisitedAbbevilletoexaminedisputedevidencefromFrenchgravelpits.
35.AlfredKidderisimportanttoarchaeologybecause
a.hediscountedaerialreconnaissanceasameanstodiscovernewruins.
b.heamassedastaffofuntrainedcitizenstoconductarchaeologicalinvestigations.
c.hemaintainedthatanarchaeologistwasamoldyvarietyofanthropologist.
d.hefoundlittlesupporttosuggestthatPecosPueblowasviableformorethanonecentury.
36.Stratigraphyisatermthatappliesto
a.decadesofarchaeologicalresearch.
b.techniquesusedbyindigenousAfricanpeoplestocreateastructure.
c.asite’sphysicalstructureproducedbydepositionandsediments.
d.manufactureofpotteryandimplements.
37.Documentinghowmaterialculturechangedovertimeandspaceisreferredtoas
a.evolution.
b.stratigraphy.
c.culturehistory.
d.sedimentation.
38.LewisBinfordisresponsibleforestablishingaconcernformethodsinreconstructingthepast.Thisbecameknown
as
a.culturehistory.
b.stratification.
c.NewArchaeology.
d.archaeology.
39.Basedonthelevelofpublicsupport,
a.morearchaeologywillbeneededinthefuture.
b.lessarchaeologywillbeneededinthefuture.
c.archaeologyhasnofuture.
d.archaeologywillincreasinglybeapastimeofwealthy.
40.NewWorldarchaeologyisrarelyifeverinvolvedinethicaldilemmas,inlargepartbecauseitdealswiththematerial
remainsofpastculturesthathavenolivingdescendants.
a.True
b.False
41.Anartifactisanymovableobjectthathasbeenused,modified,ormanufacturedbyhumans.
a.True
b.False
42.Anantiquarianisapersonconcernedmorewiththepeopleofthepastthanwiththeobjectsofthepast.
a.True
b.False
43.LewisR.Binfordisafirmsupporteroftheconceptthatthegoalofarchaeologyisto“digupthepast”anddiscover
asmuchofthepastaspossible.
a.True
b.False
44.A.V.Kidderarguedagainsttheinterdisciplinaryinvolvementofspecialistsinarchaeologicalresearchbecausethey
lackedthenecessaryanthropologicaltraining.
a.True
b.False
45.Classicalarchaeologyisconcernedprimarilywiththe“classical”civilizationsoftheMediterranean,suchasGreece
andRome,andtheNearEast.
a.True
b.False
46.Amiddenisarefusedepositresultingfromhumanactivities,generallyconsistingofsediment.
a.True
b.False
47.Culturehistoryisthemostfrequentlypracticedkindofarchaeologytoday,especiallyinAmerica.
a.True
b.False
48.Today,historicalarchaeologyisameansofdiscoveringpredictablerelationshipsbetweenhumanadaptive
strategies,ideology,andpatternedvariabilityinthearchaeologicalrecord.
a.True
b.False
49.Archaeologyenjoysenormouspublicinterestthatsuggestsmorearchaeologywillbeneededinthefuture.
a.True
b.False
50.Mostarcheologistsareemployedbyfederalagenciesandprivate“culturalresourcemanagement”firms.
a.True
b.False
51.Today,therearefewerwomenandminoritiesinvolvedintheprofessionofarchaeologythaneverbefore.
a.True
b.False
52.Discusstheoriginsofarchaeology.Whoisresponsiblefortheearliestexcavations?Wheredidtheytakeplace?
Whydidtheresultsofthisresearchmarkasignificantdeparturefromearlierexplanationsofthepast?
53.Inthe17thcentury,howolddidEuropeanscholarssuchasJamesUsherthinktheworldwas?Howdidthe
discoveryof“deeptime”changethiswayofthinking?
54.WhatweresometheoriesabouttheoriginofNativeAmericanpopulationsinthepast?Howmightthishave
contributedtothetreatmentofarchaeologicalremainsintheNewWorld?
55.Distinguishbetweenwhatanantiquariandoesandthatofamodernarchaeologist.Whoweresomeofthe
antiquariansofthepast?Whatweresomeoftheirmajoraccomplishments?
56.Whoisconsideredtobethefirstprofessionalarchaeologist?Whatmadehimdifferentthanantiquariansofthe
past?
57.Listseveralearlyarchaeologists,anddescribetheircontributionstothefieldofarchaeology.
58.LewisR.Binforddescribesthefieldofarchaeologyasbeingaboutmorethanjustdiscoveringnewthings.What
doeshesuggestshouldbethegoalofarchaeology?ProvideanexamplefromBinford’sworktosupportyour
answer.
59.Howhasarchaeologychangedinthetwenty-firstcentury?Discussdifferencesinthearchaeologiststhemselves,
theirtechniques,andresearchinterests.
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