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Multiple Choice
1. Forces affecting how children are socialized include which of the following?
a.
Demographics
b.
Economics
c.
Politics
d.
All of these
2. The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as
effective members of groups and society is called
a.
socialization.
b.
maturation.
c.
temperament.
d.
revolution.
3. According to Handel, Cahill, and Elkin (2007), socialization occurs
a.
by means of communication.
b.
through interactions with significant others.
c.
in emotionally significant contexts.
d.
all of these.
4. The process by which externally controlled behavior shifts to internally controlled, or self-controlled, behavior is
a.
internalization.
b.
socialization.
c.
reciprocal connection.
d.
cultural change.
5. “Socialization as a reciprocal process” refers to which of the following ideas?
a.
When individuals interact, a response in one individual usually elicits a response in the other.
b.
Both mothers and fathers are important in the lives of children.
c.
Children are socialized by many people; many people are important in their lives.
d.
Human interactions change over time.
6. The process of socialization begins
a.
at birth.
b.
before birth.
c.
at school-age.
d.
after birth.
7. The total composite of hereditary instructions coded in the genes at the moment of conception is one’s
a.
identity.
b.
genotype.
c.
exosystem.
d.
chronosystem.
8. Genetic prewiring that motivates a person to seek out compatible environments is called
a.
active.
b.
passive.
c.
language-rich.
d.
responsive.
9. A happy, sociable child is more likely to engage others in social activities than a moody, shy child. This is an example
of a(n)
a.
passive genotype–environment interaction.
b.
active genotype–environment interaction.
c.
evocative genotype–environment interaction.
d.
none of these.
10. The difficult child has what kind of response?
a.
Intense
b.
Mild
c.
Indifferent
d.
Adaptable
11. Samantha is generally in a positive mood, has regular rhythms, and can adapt to change with ease. Which
temperament style does Samantha exhibit?
a.
Easy
b.
Difficult
c.
Slow-to-warm-up
d.
Unclassified
12. Kochanska (1995, 1997) found that gentle parenting techniques were
a.
less effective in getting timid children to comply as compared to assertive children.
b.
more effective in getting timid children to comply as compared to assertive children.
c.
equally effective in getting timid children and assertive children to comply.
d.
none of these.
13. An adult tells a 6-year old to share a toy with a 4-year-old sibling. This is an example of what kind of socialization?
a.
Intentional
b.
Unintentional
c.
Private
d.
Challenging
14. Which of the following is true?
a.
Children absorb the verbal as well as the nonverbal cues of others.
b.
Intentional socialization can end up being unintentional.
c.
Much of socialization takes place spontaneously during human interactions.
d.
All of these are true.
15. Children are socialized by
a.
parents.
b.
friends.
c.
characters in movies and books.
d.
all of these.
16. According to Aries, children were treated as “miniature adults” during which historical period?
a.
Before the Renaissance
b.
During the Industrial Revolution
c.
In the 21stcentury
d.
During the Great Depression
17. According to your text, a common concern in the United States today is
a.
the “loss” of childhood.
b.
the use of children for heavy labor.
c.
the lack of separate laws governing child punishment and adult punishment.
d.
child death and disease.
18. Which of the following is not an “output” of socialization?
Self-esteem
a.
Values
b.
Attitudes
c.
Socialization interactions
d.
Self-esteem
19. In Walden Two, children were given alternate strategies to avoid
a.
temptation.
b.
using drugs and alcohol.
c.
losing a baseball game.
d.
child abuse.
20. Instruction, feedback, and reinforcement are all examples of
a.
socialization variables considered “input.”
b.
socialization variables considered “outputs.”
c.
attachment.
d.
direct change.
21. An organized set of statements that explain observations, integrates different facts or events, and predicts future
outcomes is called a(n)
a.
theory.
b.
adaptation.
c.
system.
d.
event.
22. Which of the following proposed a stage theory describing cognitive development in childhood?
a.
Piaget
b.
Bronfenbrenner
c.
Aries
d.
Woods
23. The bioecological model
a.
can accommodate other theories.
b.
was developed by Bronfenbrenner.
c.
provides a “whole picture” of the developing child.
d.
all of these.
24. Kevin and Jai are parents raising their infant daughter Kelli. Kevin and Jai are best described as part of Kelli’s
a.
microsystem.
b.
exosystem.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
chronosystem.
25. Which of the following is not part of the microsystem?
a.
School
b.
Peer group
c.
Family
d.
Religion
26. The socializing agent that is thought to have the most significant impact on a child’s development is
a.
family.
b.
parent’s work.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
media.
27. The family offers the child his or her first opportunities to
a.
experience nurturance.
b.
observe models of behavior.
c.
experience language.
d.
all of these.
28. The microsystem in which children formally learn about their society is which of the following?
a.
Family
b.
Peer group
c.
School
d.
Community
29. The media differs from the community in that
a.
the media is not a small, interactive setting.
b.
children cannot interact with any media types.
c.
children cannot learn attitudes and values from the media.
d.
all of these.
30. Micro is to exo as
a.
small is to outside.
b.
big is to little.
c.
responsive is to nonresponsive.
d.
small is to big.
31. The relationships between family and school are part of the
a.
microsystem.
b.
macrosystem.
c.
mesosystem.
d.
exosystem.
32. An example of an exosystem is
a.
a parent’s job.
b.
an elementary school.
c.
the relationship between family and school.
d.
a peer group.
33. Exosystems affect children
a.
indirectly.
b.
directly.
c.
through the school only.
d.
none of these; exosystems do not affect children.
34. According to your text, people differ in their unconscious assumptions about
a.
personal space.
b.
time.
c.
interpersonal relations.
d.
all of these.
35. A low-context macrosystem is characterized by _________, whereas a high-context macrosystem is characterized by
_________.
a.
competition; cooperation
b.
rationality; intuitiveness
c.
progress; tradition
d.
all of these
36. When what is said is more important than who said it, the system is most likely a(n)
a.
low-context microsystem.
b.
high-context macrosystem.
c.
low-context macrosystem.
d.
elemental system.
37. Compared to members of low-context macrosystems, members of high-context macrosystems are more likely to
a.
try to control nature.
b.
expect personal freedom.
c.
follow traditional role expectations.
d.
have fragmented social relationships.
38. Examples of chronosystems include
a.
changes in computer technology over time.
b.
the physical changes of puberty.
c.
increases in school violence over time.
d.
all of these.
39. Socializing agents generally aim to prepare children for both
a.
stability and change.
b.
trust and mistrust.
c.
abuse and neglect.
d.
the past and the present.
40. According to your text, systems of government in the United States are shifting from what to what?
a.
Materialistic to paternalistic
b.
Paternalistic policies to policies of empowerment
c.
Egalitarian to robust
d.
Mesosystems to macrosystems
41. The No Child Left behind Act is an example of a(n)
a.
microsystem.
b.
high-context macrosystem.
c.
social shift in responsibility from one system to another.
d.
information intermediary.
42. A celebrity is an example of a(n)
a.
microsystem.
b.
high-context macrosystem.
c.
social shift in responsibility from one group to another.
d.
information intermediary.
43. When an official makes a decision based on statistics related to poverty, he or she is likely using which kind of
indicator?
a.
Economic circumstance
b.
Behavior
c.
Education
d.
Housing
44. Which of the following is nottrue regarding socialization?
a.
Socialization begins in adolescence.
b.
Socialization continues throughout life.
c.
Socialization is a reciprocal process.
d.
Socialization is a dynamic process.
45. The science of interrelationships between organisms and their environments is termed _________.
46. _________ refers to developmental changes associated with the biological process of aging.
47. A happy, sociable child is more likely to engage others in social activities than is a moody, shy child. This is an
example of _______ genotype–environment interaction?
48. When an adult reminds a child to write a thank-you note to Grandma, this is an example of _________ socialization.
49. Prior to the development of the printing press, infancy ended at age _________.
50. Values, morals, motives, and self-esteem are all examples of _________ related to the socialization process.
51. Bronfenbrenner’s model is called the _________ model of human development.
52. The family, school, and community are part of the _________, according to Bronfenbrenner.
53. The peer group is part of the _________ in Bronfenbrenner’s model.
54. The media are part of the _________, according to Bronfenbrenner.
55. The _________ refers to linkages and interrelationships between two or more of a person’s microsystems.
56. According to Bronfenbrenner, a community’s school board is an example of a(n) _________.
57. _________ refers to an ascribed attribute of membership in a group in which members identify themselves by national
origin, culture, race, or religion.
58. Rationality and practicality are characteristic of a(n) _________-context macrosystem.
59. According to your text, the idea that change is good would be likely to be found in a(n) _________-context
macrosystem.
60. Living in harmony with nature would be stressed in a(n) _________ -context macrosystem.
61. The _________ refers to temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals, producing new conditions that
affect development.
62. According to Bronfenbrenner, school violence is an example of something found in the _________?
63. Frozen embryos are an example of a societal trend in the area of _________.
64. When a strong authority takes care of less able citizens, this is considered _________.
65. A principle or action based on the belief that any individual can learn to care for him- or herself is called _________.
66. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2004 requires children to take _________ tests.
67. The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as
effective members of society is known as _________.
68. Regarding development, socialization begins at _________.
69. An individual’s sensitivity to various experiences and responsiveness to patterns of social interaction collectively are
called _________.
Subjective Short Answer
70. Write an essay contrasting childhood during the Industrial Revolution with childhood today.
71. Imagine you are giving a speech entitled Changes in Society Today and How They Affect Children and Families.
Describe what you will say.
72. Compare and contrast intentional socialization with unintentional socialization and give examples.
73. Explain the systems found in Bronfenbrenner’s model and give examples.
74. Describe how the mesosystem differs from the macrosystem.
75. Compare and contrast the different types of microsystems, providing examples of how each impacts development.
76. Use the concept of passive genotype–environment interaction to explain a child’s musical and/or artistic abilities.
Explain how passive genotype–environment interactions are different from evocative or active interactions.
77. Imagine you are providing in-service training for newlyrecruited Peace Corps volunteers. Write a speech explaining
the difference(s) between high-context and low-context macrosystems.
78. Imagine you are part of a debate team. Your position for the debate is to argue that children play a role in their own
socialization. Describe what you will say.
79. Compare an easy child with one who is slow-to-warm-up using the five aspects of temperamental quality found in the
text.
