Chapter 01 – Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
1. Physiology is best defined as the _____.
a.
study of all living things
b.
study of the bodily functions of living things
c.
study of human relationships
d.
maintenance of body temperature
e.
maintenance of physical fitness
1.1 Introduction to Physiology
HUPH.SHER.16.1.1 – Describe the physiological approach to explaining an event
2. What are the most basic building blocks of matter?
a.
tissue
b.
cells
c.
atoms
d.
bones
e.
amino acids
3. What are the four most common chemical elements in the human body?
a.
water, salt, protein, and fat
b.
iron, carbon, oxygen, and potassium
c.
blood, muscle, fat, and bone
d.
collagen, glucosamine, chondroitin, and cartilage
e.
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
4. Approximately how many red blood cells are replaced per minute in the human body on average?
a.
150,000,000
b.
50,000,000
c.
5,000,000
d.
500,000
e.
5,000
5. Which structure encloses the cells of the human body?
Chapter 01 – Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
a.
a carbon shell
b.
an electron cluster
c.
microvilli
d.
a plasma membrane
e.
a protective protein sheath
6. The human body is made up of approximately how many specialized cell types?
a.
400
b.
200
c.
100
d.
50
e.
25
7. What occurs when a cell differentiates?
a.
It becomes specialized to perform a particular function.
b.
It stops using nutrients and dies.
c.
It morphs into a faster dividing cell.
d.
It divides into other cells that contain a lesser number of chromosomes.
e.
It becomes physically larger and more complex.
8. Which progression represents the correct hierarchy of organization, from simpler to more complex?
a.
atom, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
b.
tissue, cell, system, organism, organ, body
c.
system, atom, cell, organ, tissue, organism
d.
atom, molecule, compound, cell, body, organism
e.
chemical, cell, organ, tissue, system, organism
9. What type of tissue consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials with the environment?
Chapter 01 – Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
a.
connective
b.
muscle
c.
bone
d.
nervous
e.
epithelial
e
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
10. What type of tissue consists of cells specialized for transmitting messages?
a.
connective
b.
muscle
c.
bone
d.
nervous
e.
epithelial
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
11. Which two cell types lose the ability to reproduce soon after they are formed?
a.
skin cells and heart cells
b.
epithelial cells and muscle cells
c.
nerve cells and muscle cells
d.
kidney cells and pancreatic cells
e.
connective cells and nerve cells
c
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
12. Of the different muscle types, which one can be voluntarily controlled?
a.
smooth
b.
arterial
c.
cardiac
d.
skeletal
e.
heart
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.2 – Identify the four primary types of tissues in the human body
13. What are the four primary tissue types?
a.
muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective
b.
bone, nerves, brain, and skin
c.
epithelial, nervous, cardiovascular, and alimentary
d.
skin, epithelial, connective, and integumentary
e.
contractile, protective, absorptive, and integumentary
a
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.2 – Identify the four primary types of tissues in the human body
14. Epithelial tissue is organized into what two general types of structures?
a.
cells and cell walls
b.
ducts and nuclei
c.
epithelial sheets and secretory glands
d.
protective and absorptive
e.
epithelial sheets and cell membranes
c
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.2 – Identify the four primary types of tissues in the human body
15. The two main categories of glands are called ____.
a.
secretive and absorptive
b.
endocrine and exocrine
c.
internal and external
d.
embryonic and latent
e.
ducted and ductless
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.3 – Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands
16. What kind of glands secrete through ducts to the outside of the body (or cavity open to the outside)?
a.
endocrine
b.
embryonic
c.
external
d.
latent
e.
exocrine
e
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.3 – Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands
17. What are two examples of exocrine glands?
a.
sweat glands and glands that secrete digestive juices
b.
mammary glands and the pancreas
c.
the bladder and the kidneys
d.
thyroid gland and sweat glands
e.
pancreas and the pituitary gland
a
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.3 – Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands
18. What are two examples of connective tissue?
a.
muscle and tendons
b.
bone and tendons
c.
ligaments and nerves
d.
cartilage and skin
e.
blood and muscle
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.2 – Identify the four primary types of tissues in the human body
19. What compound/molecule produced by connective tissue is a rubber band-like protein fiber?
a.
fibrin
b.
fibrinogen
c.
elastin
d.
glucosamine
e.
chondroitin
c
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body
HUPH.SHER.16.1.2.2 – Identify the four primary types of tissues in the human body
20. What is the best definition of a body system?
a.
The containment of functional tissues
b.
A collection of diverse specialized cells
c.
A multi-cellular life form
d.
An integrated collection of related organs
e.
A living being capable of cognition
organisms
21. How many body systems does the human body contain?
a.
four
b.
five
c.
seven
d.
nine
e.
eleven
22. What type of fluid resides within cells?
a.
systemic
b.
extracellular
c.
ribosomal
d.
intracellular
e.
plasma
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
23. The extracellular fluid is made up of which two components?
a.
lymph and plasma
b.
cellular matrix and globular filtrate
c.
plasma and interstitial fluid
d.
white blood cells and lymph
e.
red blood cells and interstitial fluid
c
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
24. Broadly speaking, how many internal factors in the body must be homeostatically maintained?
a.
nine
b.
seven
c.
five
d.
four
e.
three
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
HUPH.SHER.16.1.3.2 – State the seven factors that must be homeostatically maintained
25. What do human cells require to carry out energy-yielding chemical reactions?
a.
oxygen
b.
carbon dioxide
c.
salt
d.
ATP molecules
e.
sunlight
a
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
HUPH.SHER.16.1.3.2 – State the seven factors that must be homeostatically maintained
26. What does “pH” measure?
a.
The percentage of potassium in the extracellular fluid
b.
The amount of phosphorus in the intracellular fluid
c.
The relative amount of acidity based on hydrogen ions
d.
The energy producing ability of a cell
e.
The percentage of water in the interstitial fluid
c
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
HUPH.SHER.16.1.3.2 – State the seven factors that must be homeostatically maintained
27. Electrolytes are best defined as _____.
a.
chemicals that form ions in solution and conduct electricity
b.
chemicals that generate electricity
c.
compounds that form molecules without electrons
d.
salts that exchange covalent electrons
e.
salts that increase pH levels
a
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
HUPH.SHER.16.1.3.2 – State the seven factors that must be homeostatically maintained
28. What electrolyte does the heart rely on most in order to keep a rhythmic beat?
a.
potassium
b.
phosphorus
c.
magnesium
d.
iron
e.
sodium
a
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
HUPH.SHER.16.1.3.2 – State the seven factors that must be homeostatically maintained
29. How many body systems contribute to homeostasis?
a.
5
b.
7
c.
9
d.
11
e.
15
d
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
30. The integumentary system consists of ____.
a.
connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons
b.
everything related to the cardiovascular system
c.
muscles and bones
d.
nerves and ganglions
e.
the skin and related structures
e
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
31. Which mineral is most important for muscle movement and is stored in the skeletal system?
a.
magnesium
b.
iron
c.
calcium
d.
phosphorus
e.
boron
c
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
32. By what means does the endocrine system regulate bodily processes?
a.
nerves
b.
electrolytes
c.
minerals such as calcium
d.
carbon dioxide
e.
hormones
e
1.3 Concept of Homeostasis
33. What are the three actions that the body’s control system must perform in order to maintain homeostasis?
a.
Control the external environment, record information, and make adjustments.
b.
Control the internal environment, record information, and detect deviation.
c.
Detect information, integrate internal environment, and control changes.
d.
Detect deviations, control temperature, and maintain pH.
e.
Detect deviations, integrate information, and make appropriate adjustments.
e
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems
HUPH.SHER.16.1.4 – Describe the function of homeostatic control systems
34. What are the two classes of homeostatic control systems?
a.
conscious and unconscious
b.
intrinsic and extrinsic
c.
intrinsic and internal
d.
extrinsic and external
e.
automated and reflex
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems
HUPH.SHER.16.1.4.1 – Distinguish between the two classes of homeostatic systems
35. Homeostatic control systems resist change by operating on what primary principle?
a.
The principle of positive feedback
b.
The principle of negative feedback
c.
The principle of integration
d.
The principle of assimilation
e.
The principle of deactivation
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems
HUPH.SHER.16.1.4.1 – Distinguish between the two classes of homeostatic systems
36. The output in a positive feedback system becomes ____.
a.
inactivated
b.
static
c.
externalized
d.
amplified
e.
dampened
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems
37. Which sequence correctly illustrates a negative feedback system?
a.
input → negative effect → output → change
b.
external stimuli → effector → internal change → integration
c.
sensor → integrator → effector → compensatory response
d.
integrator → effector → compensatory response → sensor
e.
negative input → sensor → integrator → positive output
c
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems
38. In addition to feedback mechanisms, what other control mechanism does the body use?
a.
balanced mechanisms
b.
feedforward mechanisms
c.
complimentary mechanisms
d.
hybrid mechanisms
e.
ancillary mechanisms
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems
HUPH.SHER.16.1.4.3 – Discuss the role of feed forward mechanisms in the body
39. Which example best illustrates a feedforward mechanism?
a.
The release of thyroxin from the thyroid
b.
The production of red blood cells
c.
The replacement of skin cells
d.
The excretion of bile from the gall bladder
e.
The secretion of insulin following a meal
e
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems
HUPH.SHER.16.1.4.3 – Discuss the role of feed forward mechanisms in the body
40. What is a predicted outcome of a severe homeostatic disruption?
a.
death
b.
feedforward activity
c.
cellular uptake
d.
enhanced sensation
e.
adaptation
a
41. Physiology focuses exclusively on the study of human beings.
a.
True
b.
False
False
42. Physiology examines the mechanisms of actions. in the body
a.
True
b.
False
True
43. Within physiology, structure and function are inseparable.
a.
True
b.
False
44. The four most common elements in the human body make up about 70% of the total chemistry.
a.
True
b.
False
45. The cell is the smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life.
a.
True
b.
False
46. The plasma membrane that surrounds each cell consists of non-fatty substances to allow for free movement of
materials in and out of the cell.