1. Which of the following is true regarding deviance?
a. Deviance is an objective concept that all members of society agree upon.
b. Deviance is another term used to describe all criminal activity.
c. Deviance is behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.
d. Deviance is always considered criminal in nature.
2. An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions is:
a. a crime. b. a felony.
c. a tort. d. deviant.
3. The consensus model is a criminal justice model in which:
a. the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold economic, political, and social power in a
community.
b. a majority of citizens in society agree on what activities should be outlawed and punished as crimes.
c. specific social groups determine which deviant behaviors are to be defined as criminal.
d. the primary focus of law is to protect the individual from the power of government.
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the components in the integrated definition of crime?
a. punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority of a society or, in some cases, a powerful
minority
b. considered an offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials, not by victims and their
relatives or friends
c. punishable by statutorily determined sanctions that bring about the loss of personal freedom or life
d. considered an offense against an individual, but prosecuted by the state who is paid by the victim
5. Federalism refers to:
a. a system of government dominated by an all-powerful federal government.
b. a system of checks and balances within the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
c. a system of government in which states are independent and self-governing.
d. a sharing of government powers by federal and state authorities.
6. Which of the following is not considered an express power?
a. the power to coin money
b. police powers
c. the power to raise an army
d. the power to regulate interstate commerce
7. Police powers allow states to enact laws necessary to protect the of their citizens.
a. health b. morals
c. safety d. all of these
8. What level of law enforcement divides duties between counties and municipalities?
a. federal b. local
c. national d. state
9. Which officers often police a state’s natural resources and often oversee its firearm laws?
a. fish, game, and watercraft officers b. department of state security
c. highway patrol d. sheriffs
10. Wildlife wardens, alcohol and beverage control agents, and fire marshals are examples of law enforcement officers
at the level.
a. municipal b. county
c. state d. federal
11. investigate most crimes and attempt to deter crime through patrol activities.
a. Local police b. Highway patrol officers
c. State police agencies d. Federal agencies
12. Which agency operates throughout the United States?
a. DEA b. FBI
c. ATF d. all of the these
13. The United States has a court system.
a. dual b. primary
c. single d. tertiary
14. A dual court system means that there are:
a. local and state courts. b. trial and appellate courts.
c. federal and state courts. d. misdemeanor and felony courts.
15. Once the court system convicts and sentences an offender, she or he is delegated to the system.
a. corrections b. management
c. supervision d. treatment
16. The most common correctional treatment, which allows the offender to return to the community and remain under
the supervision of the agent of the court, is:
a. house arrest. b. intensive supervised probation.
c. parole. d. probation.
17. Those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences, as well as those awaiting trial or transfer, are held
in:
a. jails. b. parole agencies.
c. prisons. d. probation offices.
18. house those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences.
a. Jails b. Parole agencies
c. Prisons d. Probation offices
19. Counties and municipalities control , while are the domain of federal and state
governments.
a. police; corrections b. jails; prisons
c. police; courts d. probation; prisons
20. Community supervision that occurs after release from prison is called:
a. management time. b. parole.
c. probation. d. supervision period.
21. Which of the following is not an example of a community-based sentence?
a. minimum security prisons b. residential centers
c. halfway houses d. work-release centers
22. The ability to choose between and among alternative courses of action is known as:
a. choice. b. control.
c. discretion. d. power.
23. Discretion is defined as the ability to make operational decisions based on:
a. the law.
b. personal judgment.
c. trust.
d. rational thinking.
24. Herbert Packer likened the idealized criminal justice system to a(n):
a. sports team. b. assembly line.
c. tangled bureaucracy. d. obstacle course.
25. Which of the following does not occur during the adjudication phase of the criminal justice process?
a. arrest b. arraignment
c. criminal trial d. verdict
26. Which of the following can occur in the prosecution and pretrial services step of the criminal justice process?
a. arrest b. grand jury
c. criminal trial d. sentencing
27. During which step in the criminal justice process would the offender plead guilty to a criminal charge?
a. entry into the system b. prosecution and pretrial services
c. adjudication d. sentencing and sanctions
28. The informal criminal justice process relies on the use of to alleviate pressures from lack of
funding to investigate every crime and increasing caseloads.
a. discretion b. equal treatment
c. policy–guided decision making d. statute–defined decision making
29. Collectively, the discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said to produce a(n):
a. due process model. b. crime control model.
c. formal criminal justice process. d. informal criminal justice process.
30. What is the ability to make operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules?
a. discretion b. ethics
c. justice d. morals
31. Which of the following is a discretionary decision made by prosecutors?
a. the decision to release an inmate on parole
b. the decision to issue an arrest warrant
c. the decision to convict a defendant
d. the decision to reduce charges
32. Which of the following is NOT a discretionary decision of police?
a. enforce laws
b. investigate specific crimes
c. search people or buildings
d. answer a 911 call
33. Which of the following is NOT a decision that is in the discretion of correctional officials?
a. assign convicts appropriate housing in prison or jail
b. impose sentences
c. punish prisoners who misbehave
d. reward prisoners who behave well
34. What are the moral principles that govern a person’s perception of right and wrong?
a. discretion b. ethics
c. justice d. laws
35. Which statement below is incorrect?
a. Ethics in criminal justice are closely related to the concept of justice.
b. Critical thinking is needed for an ethical response.
c. Intuition is enough for law enforcement to act.
d. Discretion in criminal justice can present a potential for abuse.
36. Which of the following methods would NOT be appropriate according to the crime control model?
a. Allow the police to “do their jobs” by limiting the amount of judicial oversight of law enforcement tactics.
b. Limit the number of rights and protections enjoyed by defendants in court.
c. Assure that all defendants receive adequate counsel and are protected from prosecutorial pressure.
d. Incarcerate criminals for lengthy time by imposing harsh sentences, including the death penalty.
37. Which of the following methods would NOT be appropriate according to the due process model?
a. Assure the safety of the public through long prison sentences for nonviolent offenders.
b. Assure the constitutional rights of those accused of crimes.
c. Whenever possible, allow nonviolent offenders to serve their sentences in the community rather than
behind bars.
d. Protect the civil rights of all inmates, and focus on rehabilitation.
38. For the due process model, which of the following would be the preferred method of punishment for nonviolent
offenders?
a. a few years in prison with the possibility of early release and parole
b. a few years in prison without the possibility of early release
c. a few months in jail
d. probation with a rehabilitation program
39. Which of the following will likely decrease the ability of police to combat gangs, guns, and illegal drugs?
a. budget crisis
b. discretion
c. citizen oversight
d. expansion of constitutional rights of suspects
40. Which of the following is not an illegal psychoactive drug?
a. marijuana b. alcohol
c. heroin d. cocaine
41. About of all American households possess at least one gun.
a. 75%
b. 50%
c. 30%
d. 10%
42. This model emphasizes that the individual is to be protected from the power of the government.
a. crime control model b. due process model
c. consensus model d. conflict model
43. This model emphasizes the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals.
a. crime control model b. due process model
c. consensus model d. conflict model
44. Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Patriot Act?
a. an expansion of the definition of what it means to “engage in terrorist activity” to include providing “material
support” through such activities as fund-raising or operating Web sites for suspected terrorist organizations
b. greater protection of people’s first and fourth Amendment rights
c. greater leeway for law enforcement agents to track Internet use, access private financial records, and
wiretap those suspected of terrorist activities
d. a reduction in the amount of evidence that law enforcement agents need to gather before taking a
terrorist suspect into custody
45. The , passed six weeks after the 9/11 attacks, strengthened the ability of federal law
enforcement to investigate and incarcerate suspects.
a. Patriot Act
b. Homeland Security Act
c. Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
d. Counterterrorism Act
46. In the , victims’ rights advocates began addressing what they perceived to be an imbalance in favor of
criminal defendants in the criminal justice system.
a. 1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s
Case 1-1
John had a family member who was killed in the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers. He really wants to be involved
in combating terrorism in the United States. He one day wants to work in law enforcement. He contacts a local
police department’s recruiting office to learn about job opportunities and speaks with Officer Jones.
47. Where will John most likely find a position that is most active in fighting terrorism?
a. Department of Homeland Security
b. Florida Highway Patrol
c. Federal Bureau of Investigation
d. King County Sheriff’s Office
48. Officer Jones explains to John that local police departments are responsible for the “nuts and bolts” of law
enforcement work and are probably not the agencies to conduct full investigations on terrorists. Which would most
likely not fall under the responsibilities of a local police department?
a. investigating crimes
b. deterring crimes through patrol activities
c. participating in trial proceedings
d. educating the public on fire protection
49. Officer Jones explains to John what the crime of terrorism is. Which of the following is true concerning terrorism?
a. Terrorism is a set on interacting parts that, when functioning properly, achieve a desired result.
b. Terrorism always consists of a group of people, usually three or more.
c. Terrorism is the use or threat of violence to achieve political objectives.
d. The need to respond to terrorist threat led politicians to create the Department of Justice.
Case 1-2
Beth was arrested by the San Francisco Police Department for the crime of burglary. San Francisco is in the state
of California. She is charged with a violation of state law. In the state of California, burglary is a felony.
50. If the prosecutors decide to file formal charges against Beth, which court will Beth appear in?
a. the federal district court located in the state of Arizona where Beth resides
b. the federal district court located in the area of California where Beth is alleged to have committed the crime
c. the state court of Arizona because that is where Beth resides
d. the state court of California because that is where Beth is alleged to have committed the crime
51. Who would not be part of the criminal court work group that has the responsibility of determining the innocence or
guilt of Beth?
a. the probation officer
b. the judge
c. the prosecutor
d. the defense attorney
52. Which would NOT be a sentence handed down by the judge in Beth’s case if she were found guilty of the
offense?
a. probation
b. prison
c. parole
d. a work-release center
53. In which step of the criminal justice system would Beth have her criminal trial?
a. entry
b. pretrial services
c. adjudication
d. sanctions
Case 1-3
Chief Thomas is proud that the crime rates in his city have declined over the past year. Violent, property, and
juvenile crimes have decreased. The community feels safer and the city commission wants to authorize more
money to go into the crime-fighting measures of the police department.
54. Chief Thomas believes the reduced crime rates are because the department is utilizing a more rigorous
enforcement of minor offenses such as drunkenness and public disorder. What is this practice known as?
a. proactive policing
b. hot-spot policing
c. biometrics
d. homeland security
55. Chief Thomas wants to use the extra funding to increase the use of biometrics in his police department. Which of
the following would Chief Thomas not consider biometrics?
a. fingerprints
b. hand geometry
c. facial features
d. blood–alcohol level
56. While most crime rates have declined, Chief Thomas notices that the arrest rates for illegal drug possession and use
have increased. He especially notices an increase in the use of illegal psychoactive drugs. He wants to create some
type of information pamphlet on illegal psychoactive drugs to distribute to schools and community centers. Which of
the following would not be discussed in this pamphlet on illegal psychoactive drugs?
a. alcohol
b. cocaine
c. heroin
d. marijuana
57. The consensus model assumes that as people gather together to form a society, its members naturally come to a
basic agreement with regard to shared norms and values.
a. True
b. False
58. According to the conflict model, different segments of society have different value systems and shared norms and
are engaged in a constant struggle to control society.
a. True
b. False
59. Society is static and its concept of criminality remains the same.
a. True
b. False