61) Physical geography focuses the least on
A) landforms.
B) animal ecology.
C) culture.
D) soil formation.
E) climate.
62) At the heart of geographic research is
A) getting published in National Geographic.
B) analysis of data.
C) collection of facts.
D) getting government grants.
E) learning place names.
63) Of the following tools of the geographer, which is most commonly used?
A) computer simulations
B) surveys
C) lab experiments
D) maps
64) The Prime Meridian
A) is essentially a latitude line.
B) passes through Greenwich, England.
C) forms an angle of 0 degrees with the earth’s equator.
D) was established by the Greeks.
65) Cognitive images (mental maps) can be based on
A) visual representations of actual locations.
B) direct experiences.
C) people’s imaginations.
D) visual representations of actual locations, direct experiences, and people’s imaginations.
E) only a direct experience and visual representations of actual locations.
66) Denver is now one of the world’s most important centers of cable television in large part
because
A) its location is ideal for satellite transmission around the world.
B) it has a well-educated work force.
C) the Federal Communications Commission is headquartered there.
D) it offers tax incentives to cable television corporations.
67) Friction of distance
A) is usually negligible over distances of less than ten miles.
B) is dependent in part upon an individual’s cognitive distance.
C) is now considered an outdated concept with little current utility.
D) is another term for the distance-decay function.
E) is the reflection of only cost overcoming distance.
68) The utility of a specific place
A) varies directly with its distance from a person’s primary place of residence.
B) is unaffected by the friction of distance.
C) is the same for all people.
D) is a measure of the value and importance of that place to a certain person or group.
69) Absolute space is
A) socioeconomic space.
B) behavioral space.
C) mathematical space.
D) experiential/cultural space.
E) both socioeconomic space and mathematical space.
70) A point in mathematical space corresponds to ________ in cognitive space.
A) a landmark
B) distribution
C) a territory
D) a pathway
71) Time-space convergence
A) has been hampered by the computer revolution.
B) increases as the friction of distance decreases.
C) has severely hindered the ability of companies to take advantage of economies of scale.
D) decreases as the friction of distance increases.
72) Which of the following is NOT one of the basic concepts of spatial interaction?
A) transferability
B) complementarity
C) concentration
D) diffusion
E) intervening opportunity
73) Human geographers, like most social scientists, begin with
A) model formation.
B) observation.
C) statistical analysis.
D) data visualization.
74) This is NOT one of the fundamental concepts of spatial analysis.
A) location
B) distance
C) value
D) accessibility
E) spatial interaction
75) The Prime Meridian
A) always crosses the equator at an angle of less than 90 degrees.
B) goes through Paris and New York.
C) is the main reference point for determining latitude.
D) runs through both poles.
76) Critical to the development of a shared sense of place is what takes place on a daily basis in
“third places,” meaning such places as
A) pubs, cafes and corner stores.
B) workplaces.
C) people’s homes and apartments.
D) government offices.
77) In an example of global interdependence among places and regions, which of the following
is NOT an explanation for rising food prices across the globe?
A) increased interest in local foods in the USA
B) increased consumption of meat
C) increased price of energy
D) booming economies of China and India
E) increased use of grain for biofuels
78) Understanding the first law of geography, that “Everything is related to everything else, but
near things are more related than are distant things,” is to recognize the concept of
A) friction of distance.
B) time-space convergence.
C) topological space.
D) situation.
E) regionalization.
79) A(n) ________ is the ratio between linear distance on a map and linear distance on the
earth’s surface.
A) map scale
B) economy of scale
C) map projection
D) isoline
80) An S-curve showing the growth in the percentage of adopters is useful in helping to explain
A) the spatial diffusion of an innovation.
B) connectivity in topological space.
C) the transferability of energy resources.
D) the relationship between relative and absolute distance.
E) the impact of sense of place on outsiders.
81) Which of the following geographic phenomena is most effectively understood through
spatial analysis?
A) the distance people are willing to travel for groceries
B) the strong feelings people have toward their ethnic home region
C) regionalization and the classification of a continent into sub-regions
D) place-making and the production of cultural landscapes
E) natural processes creating unique landforms in humid environments
82) Sense of place is experienced
A) only by insiders.
B) only by outsiders.
C) by both insiders and outsiders.
D) by animals, not humans.
83) Most central to developing our appreciation for the importance of geography is for us to
develop our
A) geographical imagination.
B) sense of place.
C) intersubjectivity.
D) cognitive space.
E) neoliberal policies.
1.2 True or False
1) Visualization and representation are usually a first step in the analysis of geographical
relationships.
2) Isoline maps connect data points that have equal value.
3) The two main branches of geography are regional geography and geographic information
systems.
4) Latitude measures angular distance, while longitude measures linear distance.
5) Topographic maps contain isolines.
6) As powerful as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are for analyzing spatial data, GIS is
useless if the locations for each variable are not known.
7) Map projections do not have to deal with nor consider scale.
8) The best maps are the most objective maps.
9) The starting point in “doing” geography is observation.
10) The prime meridian and the equator are both lines of latitude.
11) One cannot have a cognitive image (nor draw a mental map) of a place to which he or she
has not been.
12) Complementarity emerges from the ability of two places to understand and appreciate each
other.
13) Cost savings from high volumes of production are known as economies of space.
14) Small family farms are unable to compete with large factory farms because they are unable
to operate at similar economies of scale.
15) For a family from St. Louis, Missouri considering a drive to Las Vegas, Nevada, the Ozark
entertainment center of Branson, Missouri presents an intervening opportunity.
16) Geographers understand that just because a place is nearby does not mean that it is
accessible.
17) Climatic complementarity helps explain why a retiree spends summers in the north and
winters in the south.
18) Complementarity is sufficient to explain the interdependence between places.
19) Car tires have higher transferability than Swiss watches.
20) Time-space convergence refers to the shrinking relative distances between places.
21) The mental maps of people from the same home town will be identical.
22) Regions come in many scales.
23) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used mostly by physical geographers, rarely by
human geographers.
24) Insiders and outsiders tend to construct a given place differently.
25) The pattern by which communicable diseases (including HIV/AIDS) spread is usually by a
combination of expansion and hierarchical diffusion.
26) People’s relationships with their environments is a central theme of human geography.
27) Generally, as connectivity increases, accessibility falls.