Unlock document.
This document is partially blurred.
Unlock all pages and 1 million more documents.
Get Access
True / False
1. Conservatives and liberals tend to share the same ideas about how to deal with crime.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater proportion of correctional growth has
occurred in probation and parole.
a.
True
b.
False
5. The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring around the edges regarding
the responsibility for different types of actions.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Corrections consists of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices,
halfway houses, and prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
7. People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to express their most
cherished values.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Correctional practices and processes all affect one another because offenders pass through in a kind of assembly line
with return loops.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Corrections has one clear primary goal: rehabilitation.
a.
True
b.
False
11. From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control.
a.
True
b.
False
12. The central purpose of corrections is to rehabilitate the offender.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Corrections has a non-reciprocal relationship with its environment (i.e., society).
a.
True
b.
False
14. Most of the correctional sentences carried out in the U.S. happen at the state and local level.
a.
True
b.
False
15. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania now houses more prisoners than any other state in the country.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of
sentences.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
17. When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the United States are
under some form of correctional control?
a.
more than 8%
b.
nearly 3%
c.
less than 1%
d.
roughly 12%
18. Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?
a.
1 million
b.
2.3 million
c.
3 million
d.
4.3 million
19. Although the increase in prison population receives the most publicity, a great portion of correctional growth has
occurred in:
a.
probation and parole.
b.
community corrections.
c.
treatment programs.
d.
fines and restitution .
20. One out of African American children has a parent who has been to prison.
a.
2
b.
7
c.
5
d.
10
21. Systems learn, grow, and improve according to what?
a.
policies
b.
procedures
c.
feedback
d.
laws
22. Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular career field is
based on their desire to:
a.
become financially secure.
b.
help people.
c.
take criminals out of society.
d.
advance their careers.
23. Like all other government services, corrections is constantly confronted by frequently shifting _____________ forces
that further complicate administration.
a.
political and technological
b.
financial and social
c.
psychological and political
d.
social and political
24. What is the central purpose of corrections?
a.
to rehabilitate offenders
b.
to protect society
c.
to carry out the criminal sentence
d.
to correct behavior
25. According to the text, corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?
a.
treatment
b.
protection
c.
punishment
d.
both protection and punishment
26. According to the text, corrections can be seen as a series of processes and:
a.
agencies.
b.
relationships.
c.
decisions.
d.
partnerships.
27. According to the authors, corrections has a(n) relationship with its environment.
a.
reciprocal
b.
inverse
c.
oppositional
d.
purposeful
28. Which of the following countries now has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
a.
the United States
b.
Russia
c.
South Africa
d.
Japan
29. Which important sociological scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, and
actually help to define norms and expectations for conformity?
a.
Emile Durkheim
b.
Cesare Beccaria
c.
Travis Hirshchi
d.
Cesare Lombroso
30. As systems grow and mature, they become more:
a.
familiar.
b.
complex.
c.
unusual.
d.
simplistic.
31. According to the authors, which system of government divides power between one national government and multiple
state governments?
a.
federalism
b.
democracy
c.
communism
d.
capitalism
32. Approximately of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole.
a.
one-fifth
b.
one-half
c.
one-third
d.
two-thirds
33. Your authors divide some of the controversies, issues, and themes that arise in the study of corrections into three main
areas: upholding social values, ________________, and ____________________.
a.
managing the correctional organization and portraying a strong public image
b.
working with offenders and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court rulings
c.
managing the correctional organization and working with offenders
d.
portraying a strong public image and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court rulings
34. Which of the following is NOT one of the “Big 4” states in corrections?
a.
Texas
b.
California
c.
Florida
d.
Pennsylvania
35. According to the authors, is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.
a.
technology
b.
language
c.
politics
d.
persuasion
36. The interdependence of people in corrections makes the concept of ______________ important to understanding their
daily world.
a.
exchange
b.
values
c.
punishment
d.
treatment
37. A common concern shared by both liberal and conservative politicians is that:
a.
probation efforts must increase.
b.
crime rates have increased, thus more prisons are needed.
c.
punishment does not work.
d.
the cost of corrections is out of line.
38. The effectiveness of correctional strategies is:
a.
temporary.
b.
uncertain.
c.
unlikely.
d.
predictable.
39. Organizations develop to keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable responses to the staff.
a.
routines
b.
policies
c.
procedures
d.
all of these
40. Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered a(n) ______________ relationship:
a.
informal enforcement
b.
exchange
c.
security
d.
screening
41. According to the text, every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about:
a.
money.
b.
politics.
c.
social relations.
d.
punishment.
42. A(n) _________________ is a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed
toward common goals and influenced by the environment in which they function.
a.
structure
b.
system
c.
monopoly
d.
enterprise
43. Corrections is a means of social:
a.
balance.
b.
engineering.
c.
enslavement.
d.
control.
44. According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the key issues facing corrections today?
a.
obtaining funding
b.
correctional uncertainty
c.
goal conflict
d.
carrying out punishments
45. Most correctional offenders today are housed in which types of facilities?
a.
federal prisons
b.
state prisons
c.
private prisons
d.
county jails
46. _____________________ is a system of government in which power and responsibility are divided between a national
government and state governments.
a.
Socialism
b.
Monarchy
c.
Federalism
d.
Oligarchy
47. ___________________ are public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work,
granting access to government programs and providing services with them.
a.
Street-focused diplomats
b.
Sidewalk aristocrats
c.
Social entrepreneurs
d.
Street-level bureaucrats
Numeric Response
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
48. Exchange
49. Corrections
50. Social control
51. Prison
52. Jails
53. Technology
54. Punishment
55. System
56. Federalism
57. Street-level bureaucrats
58. The phrase “under some form of correctional supervision” is referring to the following three forms of control:
, , and .
59. A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and
individual state governments is known as .
60. An institution for incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felons, is called .
61. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods no longer than 48 hours is
called a .
62. The twin goals of corrections are and .
63. According to the authors, key issues in corrections are divided into three main areas: managing the correctional
organization, working with offenders, and .
64. The term “ ” refers to methods of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a
particular field.
65. The states of and have the largest prison populations in the United States.
66. A mutual transfer of resources based on decisions regarding the costs and benefits of alternative actions is referred to
as .
67. Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as .
68. ____________________ refers to the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the
management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses.
69. _____________________ refers to actions and practices of individuals and institutions that are designed to induce
conformity with the rules and norms of society.
70. The term ______________________ usually refers to any action applied to offenders after they have been convicted
and implies that action is meant to change offenders according to society’s needs.
71. The 19th-century sociologist ____________________ argued that crime is normal and that punishment performs the
important function of spotlighting societal rules and values.
Essay
72. Twenty-five years ago, the “three P’s”—probation, prisons, and parole—dominated correctional practice. Today all
kinds of activities come under the heading of corrections. Identify at least three other practices or programs that are
considered part of corrections. Discuss how their existence has fostered the growth of corrections.
73. Correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect corrections. Give
an example of each and discuss the reciprocal relationship between corrections and its environment.
74. Define what is meant by the term “exchange.” Present some examples of “exchanges” in your daily life. Why is
“exchange” an important concern for correctional officers and inmates?
75. Corrections has always struggled with conflicting goals. Identify several corrections goals and explain how they
conflict with one another. How can this conflict be minimized? Is it possible that this goal conflict may actually be good
for corrections?
76. Discuss the concept of social control and how it has affected the correctional system as a whole.
77. Define and discuss what is meant by a system and how our correctional “system” meets this definition.
78. Define federalism and discuss how it impacts the various correctional systems throughout our nation.
79. Define and discuss what is meant by the “great experiment” in social control. What, if anything, have we learned from
this “great experiment”?
