CHAPTER 1
Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense
Questions
1–1
One reason that pathogenic microorganisms have an advantage in the host they infect is
because they:
a. have previously been encountered through natural exposure
b. have previously been encountered through vaccination
c. strengthen the host’s immune response
d. reproduce and evolve more rapidly than the host can eliminate them
e. reproduce and evolve more slowly than the host can eliminate them.
1–2
Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include:
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. fungi
d. parasites (protozoans and worms)
e. All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease.
1–3
Which of the following is not associated with mucosal surfaces?
a. mucus-secreting goblet cells
b. lysozyme
c. M cells
d. white pulp
e. beating cilia.
1–4
Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?
a. inactivation of macrophages
b. increased vascular permeability and edema
c. vasodilation
d. pain
e. influx of leukocytes.
1–5
2
Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is followed by
the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. What are the main effects
of these molecules?
1–6
Identify the different anatomical locations where hematopoiesis occurs in embryonic,
fetal, and adult life.
1–7
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. lymphocytes: innate immune response
b. natural killer cell: kills virus-infected cells
c. macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
d. erythrocyte: oxygen transport
e. eosinophil: defense against parasites.
1–8
A term generally used to describe all white blood cells is:
a. hematopoietic cells
b. myeloid progenitor
c. dendritic cells
d. monocytes
e. leukocytes.
1–9
Examples of granulocytes include all of the following except:
a. neutrophil
b. monocyte
c. basophil
d. eosinophil.
e. All of the above are examples of granulocytes.
1–10
The most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood is:
a. eosinophil
b. basophil
c. neutrophil
d. monocyte
e. lymphocyte.
1–11
Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Macrophages are granulocytes.
b. Macrophages derive from monocytes.
c. Macrophages are non-phagocytic.
d. Macrophages reside in the tissues.
3
e. All of the above statements are false.
1–12
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. monocyte progenitor: macrophage
b. erythroid progenitor: megakaryocyte
c. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil
d. lymphoid progenitor: natural killer cell
e. None of the above is mismatched.
1–13
Which of the following pairs of associations is mismatched?
a. large granular lymphocyte: T cell
b. megakaryocyte: platelet
c. B cell: plasma cell
c. monocyte: macrophage
d. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil.
1–14
Which of the following statements is false?
a. During human development, hematopoiesis takes place at different anatomical
locations.
b. The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells but a different stem
cell is the progenitor of red blood cells.
c. Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing.
d. Platelets participate in clotting reactions to prevent blood loss.
e. Megakaryocytes do not circulate and reside only in the bone marrow.
1–15
A. Name the primary lymphoid tissues in mammals and the main types of secondary
lymphoid tissue.
B. What is the difference in function between primary and secondary lymphoid
tissues and what are the principal events that take place in each?
1–16
Which of the following describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an
infected tissue?
a. efferent lymphatic vessel → lymph node → afferent lymphatic vessel
b. venule → lymph node → efferent lymphatic vessel
c. afferent lymphatic vessel → lymph node → efferent lymphatic vessel
d. artery → lymph node → efferent lymphatic vessel
e. afferent lymphatic vessel → lymph node → artery.
1–17
4
Immune cells within the lymphatic circulation are directly deposited into which of the
following anatomical sites so that the cells may reenter the bloodstream?
a. right aorta
b. left subclavian vein
c. left carotid artery
d. high endothelial venule
e. hepatic vein.
1–18
Which of the following best describes the movement of a T cell through a lymph node?
a. Enters via efferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream
b. Enters via afferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream
c. Enters via bloodstream and exits via afferent lymphatics
d. Enters via bloodstream and exits via bloodstream
e. Enters via bloodstream and exits via efferent lymphatics.
1–19
Which of the following is the predominant route by which pathogens are brought from a
site of infection into a lymph node?
a. efferent lymphatics
b. artery
c. vein
d. afferent lymphatics
e. high endothelial venule.
1–20
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. T-cell activation: cell division and differentiation
b. effector B cell: plasma cell
c. plasma cell: antibody secretion
d. helper T cell: kills pathogen-infected cells
e. helper T cell: facilitates differentiation of B cells.
1–21
Explain how the adaptive and innate immune systems work together to generate an
effective immune response.
1–22
Why does it take approximately a week after infection for the benefits of an adaptive
immune response to start to be felt?
1–23
A. What is meant by the term immunodeficiency disease?
B. Why would an individual’s ability to combat infection be compromised by an
immunodeficiency disease?
C. What causes an immunodeficiency disease?
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1–24
Vaccination is best described as prevention of severe disease by:
a. deliberate introduction of a virulent strain of an infectious agent
b. prior exposure to an infectious agent in an attenuated or weakened form
c. prophylactic treatment with antibiotics
d. stimulating effective innate immune responses
e. using effective public health isolation regimens such as quarantine.
1–25
Which of the following explains why immunity to influenza may appear to be relatively
short-lived?
a. Effective immunological memory fails to develop.
b. Immune responses to influenza involve innate immune mechanisms only.
c. The primary and secondary immune responses are equivalent.
d. Influenza virus targets memory cells.
e. New influenza variants able to escape prior immunity regularly.
6
Answers
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