1. are required to employ valid and reliable experimental designs and sophisticated data analysis
techniques.
2. Criminologists have been trained in diverse fields—sociology, criminal justice, political science, psychology,
public policy, economics and even the natural sciences because criminology is a
science.
3. A major difference between criminology and criminal justice is that criminal justice refers to the study of
agencies, while criminology refers to the of crime.
4. Criminology is also related to the study of or those actions that depart from social
norms, values, beliefs, and customs.
5. Hans von Hentig and Stephen Schafer believed that the role of the had to be considered before a
full understanding of crime could be developed.
6. Gross and colleagues found that exonerations of death row inmates are more than times more
frequent than exonerations for other prisoners.
7. are based on verified social facts and readily observed phenomena that can be consistently
quantified and measured.
8. The view of crime states that crimes are behaviors that are believed to be repugnant to all elements
of society.
9. Behaviors such as drug use and prostitution are problematic because the harm they inflict is only on those who
are willing participants, but punishment is justified because these acts undermine the and
threaten the general well–being of society.
10. The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of .
11. According to the of crime, society is a collection of diverse groups. Groups able to
assert their political power use the law and the criminal justice system to advance their economic and social
position.
12. According to the conflict view, is a political concept designed to protect the
power and positions of the upper class at the expense of the poor.
13. Marvin Wolfgang‘s famous 1958 study was titled Patterns in Criminal .
14. The interactionist view of crime traces its antecedents to the symbolic interaction school of sociology, first
popularized by pioneering sociologists Charles Cooley, W.I. Thomas, and .
15. According to the interactionist view of crime, individuals or groups who wage campaigns to control behaviors
viewed as immoral or wrong are referred to as .
16. Acts that are inherently evil are referred to as ; are outlawed because they violate basic
moral values.
17. The concept of criminal law has been recognized for more than 3,000 years, with the creation of the most
famous set of written laws of the ancient world known as .
18. The concept of guilt and innocence was determined during the Dark Ages by several methods; one of these
methods called , consists of an accused person swearing an oath of innocence with the help of
12–25 oath helpers who would attest to his or her character.
19. is the branch of law that defines crimes and punishments and involves such issues as
the mental and physical elements of crime, crime categories, and criminal defenses.
20. The branch of law that deals with the government and its relationships with individuals or other governments and
governs the administration and regulation of city, county, state, and federal agencies is referred to as
.
21. torts are injuries caused because a person’s actions were unreasonably unsafe or careless, such as
a traffic accident caused by a reckless driver.
22. In the 2008 case of , the Court upheld the use of lethal injection unless there is a
substantial risk of serious harm that the drugs will not work effectively.
23. A serious offense, such as rape, murder, or robbery, that is punishable by a prison sentence—or in the case of
first-degree murder, death by capital punishment—is known as a .
24. In order for a crime to occur, the state must show that the accused committed the guilty act; this is known as
.
25. The organization known as the , is responsible for prosecuting significant violations
with regard to pollution, spills, and devastation to U.S. water, wetlands, forests, and lands.
26. The Supreme Court ruled in 2005 in the case of that the federal government
can prosecute medical marijuana patients, even if states with compassionate use laws exist.
27. Criminologists use methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
a. economic b. scientific
c. sociological d. psychological
28. is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the nature, extent,
cause, and control of criminal behavior.
a. Sociology b. Criminal Justice
c. Criminology d. Psychology
29. The study of agencies of social control such as the police, courts, and corrections is:
a. criminal justice. b. criminology.
c. sociology. d. law inquiry.
30. Deviant behavior:
a. violates the legal code. b. can be considered a felony.
c. is mala in se. d. is all of the above.
31. The quality of being fair under the law is referred to as:
a. casebook method b. legality
c. justice d. criminology
32. Marvin Wolfgang and this criminologist are quoted as saying “A criminologist is one whose professional training,
occupational role, and pecuniary reward are primarily concentrated on a scientific approach to study the
phenomenon of crime and criminal behavior.“
a. Lawrence Driscoll b. Franco Ferracuti
c. Paul Klenowski d. Robert Kruse
33. The influence of leads to an increase in the public’s fear of crime.
a. criminologists b. the media
c. society d. police
34. Criminologists try to create valid and measurements of criminal behavior by accessing records,
research, and statistical data to understand patterns and trends.
a. innovative b. open-minded
c. reliable d. experimental
35. are tested using scientific methods to validate criminological theories.
a. Opinions b. Times
c. Ideas d. Hypotheses
36. According to Hans von Hentig and , victim behavior is often a key determinant of crime, and a
victim‘s actions may precipitate crime.
a. Stephen Schafer b. Lisa Briggs
c. Stephen Brown d. Helmet Belnisch
37. According to the , crimes are behaviors believed to be repugnant to all elements of
society.
a. consensus view b. individualist view
c. conflict view d. interactionist view
38. According to the text, which view of crime is best portrayed in the Hollywood hit film The Wolf of Wall Street?
a. perceptionist view b. common–core view
c. interactionist view d. consensus view
39. refer(s) to research that is conducted on the links between different types of crime and criminals.
a. Critical theory b. Crime typologies
c. Crime patterns d. Legal studies
40. According to the consensus view, deviant behavior is illegal if it causes:
a. disparities. b. social harm.
c. legal concerns. d. conflict.
41. The interactionist view of crime is similar to the ; both suggest that behavior is outlawed and
considered criminal when it offends people who hold social, economic, and political power.
a. David Miller perspective b. consensus perspective
c. conflict perspective d. justice–offender perspective
42. Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance
their economic and social positions.
a. conflict b. consensus
c. interactionist d. common
43. This man argued that the deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied, meaning that those
who hold power will reflect the opinions and perceptions of others.
a. Keith Bell b. Albert Cohen
c. Michael Heise d. Howard Becker
44. theory states that people learn behavior by observing how other people act.
a. Social learning b. Power–control
c. Social construct d. Behavioral
45. can be defined as a systematic set of interrelated statements or principles that explain some
aspect of social life.
a. Social theory b. Relative deprivation
c. Utilitarianism d. Sociology of law
46. The first known written law code of the ancient world was called the:
a. Code of Babylon b. Ten Commandments
c. Code of Justinian d. Code of Hammurabi
47. This method of determining guilt was based on the principle that divine forces would not allow an innocent
person to be harmed.
a. Code of Hammurabi b. Trial by Ordeal
c. Compurgation d. Magna Carta
48. Early English law, developed by judges, that incorporated Anglo–Saxon tribal customs, feudal practices, and
everyday rules of behavior is referred to as:
a. common law. b. customary law.
c. criminal law. d. procedural law.
49. The act of illegal gambling, because is violates law or clashes with current norms or public opinion, is referred to
as:
a. actus reus. b. vino de casa.
c. mala prohibitum. d. mala in se.
50. Acts that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values, such as rape, murder, assault, and robbery are
referred to as:
a. mens rea b. actus reus
c. mala in se d. mala prohibitum
51. The branch of the law that defines crimes and their punishments, involves such issues as the
mental and physical elements of crime, crime categories, and criminal defenses.
a. political law b. sabbatical law
c. substantive criminal law d. procedural criminal law
52. Regardless of its source, all criminal law in the United States must conform to the rules set forth in the:
a. Code of Hammurabi. b. Bible.
c. U.S. Constitution. d. Affordable Care Act.
53. The case of Baze and Bowling v. Rees (2008) dealt with:
a. the use of lethal injection. b. immigration rights for children.
c. the use of the electric chair. d. the legality of Obamacare.
54. A serious offense that is punishable by a prison sentence or in the case of first degree murder, capital
punishment, is known as a:
a. consensus. b. misdemeanor.
c. felony. d. mandatory minimum.
55. involve crimes in which the accused is guilty simply by doing what a statute prohibits and intent
does not enter the picture nor is it required.
a. Strict liability offenses b. Misdemeanors
c. Felonies d. Wrongful offenses