Chapter 1—Your Invitation to a Healthy Future
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Giving encouragement for meeting a goal would best be characterized as a(n) ____.
a.
reinforcing factor
b.
enabling factor
c.
behavioral factor
d.
predisposing factor
2. Research on social norms among college students
a.
is only accurate if students identify themselves with an ID
b.
indicates that most undergraduates smoke cigarettes
c.
should never be used in educational campaigns
d.
shows that most students misjudge what their peers are actually doing
3. Which of the following is considered a dimension of health?
a.
A sense of control over stress
b.
Achieving your highest potential
c.
A sense of purpose in the world
d.
Social networking with friends
4. Which of the following best describes “wellness”?
a.
A positive, optimistic outlook
b.
A personally satisfying job
c.
A decision to move towards optimal health
d.
A life free of pain
5. Looking at health and the individual as a whole, rather than part by part, describes ____.
a.
physical health
b.
emotional health
c.
holistic health
d.
developmental health
6. What is the most significant health barrier for minorities?
a.
poverty
b.
lack of sanitation
c.
poor water quality
d.
bacterial infections
7. When American men and women, men ____.
a.
are more likely to have an eating disorder
b.
have lower rates of cancer
c.
are less likely to have attention deficit disorder
d.
have higher rates of heart attack
8. How much does the United States spend on health care?
a.
$50 billion
b.
$175 billion
c.
$1.2 trillion
d.
$2.6 trillion
9. Which of the following is a goal for Healthy People 2020?
a.
Promote healthy development during adolescence.
b.
Achieve health equity.
c.
Reduce premature death.
d.
Create universal health care.
10. In the ____ model, failure is a sign of character weakness.
a.
enlightenment
b.
moral
c.
medical
d.
compensatory
11. A decision to change a health behavior should primarily stem from a ____.
a.
personal goal
b.
desire to please others
c.
significant illness
d.
doctor’s recommendation
12. According to a British study, which habit will increase longevity by 14 years?
a.
drinking water
b.
taking vitamins
c.
regular exercise
d.
meditation
13. People are more likely to change their behavior if they believe in the idea of ____.
a.
motivation
b.
susceptibility
c.
tradeoffs
d.
invulnerability
14. According to the enlightenment model of behavioral change, ____.
a.
failure is seen as a character weakness
b.
use strict discipline in order to correct the problem
c.
success should be rewarded
d.
only health experts should provide recommendations
15. The self-determination model focuses on the individual’s ____.
a.
genetic history
b.
support network
c.
attitude and beliefs
d.
motivation
16. What is the most common health problem reported by college students in America?
a.
allergies
b.
sinus infection
c.
migraine
d.
back pain
17. What is considered to be the most essential step towards maintaining optimal physical health?
a.
Taking an aspirin every day
b.
Venting negative feelings
c.
Having meaningful relationships
d.
Watching out for early signs of sickness
18. Psychological health refers to ____.
a.
your intelligence quotient (I.Q.)
b.
the absence of problems or illness
c.
critical thinking
d.
emotional and mental states
19. Psychological health gives individuals the ability to do which of the following?
a.
Express emotions.
b.
Function dependently.
c.
Diagnose emotional problems.
d.
Ignore daily stressors.
20. What term best describes the impact the world has on your well-being?
a.
air pollution
b.
environmental health
c.
physical health
d.
social health
21. Intellectual health is most associated with your ____.
a.
willingness to fulfill social roles
b.
ability to learn from life’s experiences
c.
mental stability
d.
ability to function independently
22. The ability to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships is an example of which component of
health?
a.
behavioral
b.
social
c.
sexual
d.
intellectual
23. Health promotion is most likely to include which of the following?
a.
marketing billboards for discouraging pre-marital sex
b.
limiting tobacco sales to adults
c.
giving out brochures about the benefits of yoga
d.
eliminating all protein from your diet
24. What would be the most essential component of spiritual health?
a.
attending a religious service on a weekly basis
b.
helping others achieve their full potential
c.
devoting more time to personal needs
d.
participating in daily prayer
25. In the _________ model, the focus is primarily on the individual’s attitudes.
a.
health belief
b.
moral
c.
medical
d.
behavioral
26. Being healthy ____.
a.
is only a concern for those who are 40 and older
b.
means that you are not sick
c.
is a personal choice that you make every day
d.
means that you are not in pain
27. What is a key component of the transtheoretical model of change?
a.
beliefs
b.
reinforcements
c.
attitudes
d.
self-efficacy
28. Jay is planning to make a change within the next 30 days. What stage of change is he engaged in?
a.
contemplation
b.
preparation
c.
maintenance
d.
action
29. Jay is now practicing his new behavioral change. What stage of change is he in?
a.
contemplation
b.
preparation
c.
maintenance
d.
action
30. Joining Alcoholics Anonymous for help with a drinking problem is an example of ____.
a.
commitment
b.
social liberation
c.
emotional arousal
d.
rewards
31. Chewing gum rather than smoking is an example of ____.
a.
environmental control
b.
emotional arousal
c.
countering
d.
rationalizing
32. What change process might include getting rid of your stash of cigarettes?
a.
self-reevaluation
b.
rewards
c.
environmental control
d.
commitment
33. Tarah is working with a personal trainer. What concept does this best illustrate?
a.
environmental control
b.
emotional arousal
c.
countering
d.
helping relationships
34. Spending as much time as possible in non-smoking areas is an example of ____.
a.
self-reevaluation
b.
social liberation
c.
commitment
d.
countering
35. Individuals are more likely to change a health behavior with which of the following beliefs?
a.
Their moral commitment dictates their level of willpower.
b.
There is a high price to pay if they don’t change.
c.
Their friends will disapprove of them if they don’t change.
d.
A higher power is in control their behavior.
36. Having a membership to a health club is an example of which type of influencing factor?
a.
predisposing
b.
enabling
c.
reinforcing
d.
behavioral
37. Which of the following is an example of a reinforcing factor?
a.
A parent offers you money to earn good grades.
b.
Your friends offer to purchase cigarettes.
c.
Your sister insists on sharing a dessert.
d.
Your family yells at you when you drink alcohol.
38. Which of the following is considered a reinforcing factor for changing behavior?
a.
resources
b.
recognition
c.
knowledge
d.
beliefs
39. Which of the following is a type of influence that shapes our behaviors?
a.
enabling factors
b.
circumstantial factors
c.
preventive factors
d.
external factors
40. Which of the following would be considered a predisposing factor to changing behavior?
a.
attitudes, values, and perceptions
b.
previous exposure to illness
c.
encouragement for meeting a goal
d.
physical and mental capacity
41. A teenager decides to wait until he is married to have sex because he believes it’s the right thing to do.
This is an example of which type of influencing factor?
a.
behavioral
b.
reinforcing
c.
predisposing
d.
enabling
42. The average life expectancy for a man living in the United States is ____.
a.
69.7 years
b.
73 years
c.
75.2 years
d.
80 years
43. Which statement best describes the unhealthy habits of Americans aged 20-34?
a.
Over 50% report drinking five or more drinks within a single sitting each week.
b.
About 75% met the minimum physical activity requirements.
c.
Only 25% of those who engaged in vaginal intercourse used a condom.
d.
Approximately 13% reported smoking tobacco in the past month.
44. Which action would be an example of primary prevention?
a.
wearing a knee brace after an injury
b.
having coronary bypass surgery
c.
attending smoking cessation classes
d.
abstaining from sex
45. Heavy drinking increases the likelihood of ____.
a.
having multiple sex partners
b.
drinking caffeinated beverages
c.
smoking from hookah pipes
d.
salt cravings
COMPLETION
1. Looking at health and the individual as a whole, rather than part by part, involves a(n)
____________________ approach.
2. ____________________ is a deliberate lifestyle choice characterized by personal responsibility and
optimal enhancement of physical, mental, and spiritual health.
3. The absence of disease is not as important as one’s complete physical, mental, and social
____________________.
4. Men’s overall mortality rate is ________________ (higher/lower) than that of women.
5. A large proportion of Americans are either overweight or ____________________.
6. Banning tobacco sales on college campuses is an example of health____________________.
7. The___________________ model involves rewarding yourself when you make positive changes.
8. An individual who doesn’t assign blame, but rather takes responsibility for acquiring whatever skills or
power are needed to overcome a problem, is following the ____________________ model.
9. ____________________ prevention seeks to reduce stressors and increase support to prevent
problems in healthy people.
10. No medical treatment can compare with the power of ___________________.
11. ______________ picks up where prevention leaves off.
12. _____________________ are behaviors that a particular group values and expects.
13. Being open to new ideas and life experiences is considered to be a healthy enhancement to one’s
____________________ health.
14. Psychological health refers to our ____________________ and ____________________.
15. Finding a greater sense of purpose in life is part of ____________________ health.
16. The transtheoretical model of change focuses on the aspects of a person’s ____________________
process.
17. A reward is considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcement.
18. The statement “I know I can lose these 10 pounds by following a strict diet” best illustrates the concept
of ____________________.
19. Believing that your actions will make a difference in your health illustrates a(n)
____________________ locus of control.
20. Substance abuse and motor vehicle crashes peak in ___________________.
MATCHING
Match the items:
a.
helping relationships
f.
spiritual health
b.
social health
g.
environmental health
c.
Healthy People 2020
h.
women
d.
men
i.
psychological health
e.
intellectual health
j.
protection
1. Being able to express emotions
2. Prevention agenda for the nation
3. Measures an individual can take when participating in risky behavior
4. The ability to achieve one’s full potential
5. Has higher core body temperatures
6. The ability to interact effectively with others
7. Are more prone to lethal diseases
8. The ability to learn from life experiences
9. The impact of the world on one’s well-being
10. Supportive, caring and understanding
ESSAY
1. Discuss three types of influence that can shape your behavior in making a health-behavioral change in
your life. Provide an example of each type.
2. Summarize how the six dimensions of health are intertwined to promote optimal health.
3. List the nine processes of change and provide examples of at least of these.
4. List the six stages of change, and evaluate how these stages can change your lifestyle to help you
become healthier. Provide an example of a health issue you are currently attempting to address.
•
5. Explain what the phrase “locus of control” means in your life. Provide an example of how you use
both an internal and external locus of control in daily situations.