43)
During the 1992 riots in Los Angeles where many individuals took merchandise, some argued that
looters took only what they needed, like food and diapers, whereas others argued looters took only
what they had been denied by the system, like TVs and stereos. If these looters were focusing on
their own needs, what was their level of values maturity?
43)
A)
First level of maturity
B)
Second level of maturity
C)
Third level of maturity
44)
At the beginning of your team’s first meeting, Betsy said, “I think it’s really important that we
develop a clear agenda for what we want to accomplish and then decide who is going to do what.”
Based on this comment, you suspect that Betsy is strongest on which dimension of cognitive style?
44)
A)
Assimilating
B)
Creating
C)
Planning
D)
Knowing
45)
If you believe a government policy would benefit those that are less advantaged than yourself,
what view of ethics is this?
45)
A)
Cost–benefit test
B)
Personal gain test
C)
Golden rule test
D)
Equal treatment test
46)
Your boss was arrested for embezzlement at the office. As he walks past you handcuffed, he states,
“You know, you and I possess the same values, I just didn’t have the courage to act on mine.” Which
is the boss an example of?
46)
A)
Poor information gathering
B)
Poor ethical decision making
C)
Conformity level of values maturity
D)
Terminal values
47)
Your personal cognitive style is based on which of the following two dimensions?
47)
A)
The manner in which you gather information and the way in which you act on that
information
B)
Horizontal and vertical
C)
The manner in which you gather information and whether you think it is true
D)
The manner in which others gather information about you and the way you react to their
behaviors
48)
Which of the following statements are true?
1. Your cognitive style is the same as your personality type.
2. Your cognitive style is innate and cannot be changed.
3. The three cognitive styles are knowing, planning, and creating.
48)
A)
Statements 2 and 3 are true, and statement 1 is false.
B)
Statement 3 is true, and statements 1 and 2 are false.
C)
None of the statements are true.
D)
All of the statements are true.
49)
As manager, you have decided to enforce a new policy restricting dating in the office. You are
comfortable with the policy and have decided that the policy will affect you also. Which ethical test
did you most likely employ?
49)
A)
Cost–benefit test
B)
Golden rule test
C)
Personal gain test
D)
Equal treatment test
50)
Which is true concerning people who have higher core self–evaluation scores?
50)
A)
They tend to choose complex and more challenging work.
B)
They tend to avoid diagnosing others’ emotions.
C)
They tend to be selfish.
D)
They tend to possess an overabundance of positive self–regard.
51)
If you stole something to save a stranger‘s life (you received no compensation), what would be your
level of moral judgment?
51)
A)
First level of maturity
B)
Second level of maturity
C)
Third level of maturity
52)
You added an extra $100 to your expense statement and Sara added an extra $1000 to her expense
statement. If you believe both of you are equally wrong (this does violate company policy), what is
your level of values maturity?
52)
A)
First level of maturity
B)
Second level of maturity
C)
Third level of maturity
53)
Lana was sitting somberly in her office. Her face had an angry expression and she had a tear in her
eye. One of her co–workers asked her how she was doing. Lana responded, “I am fine.” Concerned,
the co–worker asked, “Are you sure?” Lana again responded, “Yes, there is nothing wrong, I am
fine.” Which emotional intelligence ability does Lana most likely need to develop?
53)
A)
Ability to diagnose and recognize your own emotions
B)
Ability to recognize and diagnose emotions displayed by others
C)
Ability to respond appropriately to others’ emotional cues
D)
Ability to control your emotions
54)
To become a better manager, what is one of the first things one should do?
54)
A)
Manage one’s time better
B)
Empower one’s employees
C)
Improve one’s communication skills
D)
Seek knowledge of oneself
55)
The individual most likely to be entrepreneurial in his/her actions is someone with a(n)
55)
A)
lateral locus of control.
B)
low tolerance of ambiguity.
C)
high tolerance of ambiguity.
D)
external locus of control.
56)
If a job requires someone to be able to focus on only one element of information in order to not
become distracted, which of the following would best match those requirements?
56)
A)
Low cognitive style
B)
High instrumental values
C)
Low tolerance of ambiguity
D)
High tolerance of ambiguity
TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false.
57)
According to research cited by the textbook authors, the general competency of emotional
intelligence of individuals has increased over time.
57)
58)
The value dimension about how people manage time relates to the emphasis people place on the
past, present, or future.
58)
59)
Self–awareness can be managed by exercising minimal control over when and what kind of
information one receives about oneself and by not involving others in the pursuit of
self–understanding.
59)
60)
Terminal values prescribe desirable standards of conduct or methods for attaining an end.
60)
61)
Simone will be viewed as an effective manager if she uses her ability to recognize, appreciate, and
act on key fundamental differences among her employees.
61)
62)
Specific vs. diffuse refers to the cultural dimension that either general societal rules or relationships
with others govern people’s behavior.
62)
63)
Promoting similarity among people in a work setting reduces creativity and complex problem
solving.
63)
64)
The primary dimensions of cognitive style include (1) the manner in which you gather information,
and (2) the way you talk about information to other people.
64)
65)
If you judge right and wrong on the basis of a set of core values developed from personal
experience, you are at the principled level of maturity.
65)
66)
Core self–evaluation is the fundamental evaluation each person has developed about him– or
herself.
66)
67)
The concept of sensitive line refers to the point at which individuals welcome information about
themselves from their co–workers.
67)
68)
The three dimensions of tolerance of ambiguity are novelty, insolubility, and control.
68)
69)
If you are cheating on this test, you are violating an instrumental value.
69)
70)
Someone who is strong on the creating dimension of cognitive style tends to focus on the credibility
of data and will emphasize accuracy and precision.
70)
71)
Based on the Locus of Control Scale you determine you are an external. This means that you have
always been an external and will always be an external, because locus of control is a fixed trait.
71)
72)
Emotional intelligence has been identified as a moderately unimportant factor in accounting for
success in leaders and managers.
72)
73)
Emotional intelligence refers to the noncognitive capabilities and skillsincluding social skillsthat
affect human functioning.
73)
74)
The concept of personality refers to the relatively enduring combination of traits that produces
consistencies in thoughts and behaviors.
74)
75)
Results of research studies indicate that cognitive intelligence is twice as important in contributing
to excellence as emotional intelligence.
75)
76)
Most ethical trade–offs are conflicts between two desirable ends: economic performance versus
social performance.
76)
77)
Marvin consistently finds fault with Alicia’s competence as a manager. Because Alicia has been told
she is doing a good job she therefore responds in a threatened, rigid way. Thus, her most likely
response will be to defend herself in light of Marvin’s accusations.
77)
78)
Someone who is strong on the planning dimension of cognitive style tends to seek agendas,
outlines, and clear processes.
78)
79)
Self–awareness is at the foundation of personal life management skills.
79)
80)
Emotional intelligence can be developed and improved.
80)
81)
Managers of Spanish or Hispanic origin place a high degree of emphasis on personal
accomplishments and achievements.
81)
82)
Empirical evidence indicates that people who are more self–aware are healthier, perform better in
leadership roles, and are more productive at work.
82)
83)
Assume you are a male during the late 1960s. If you joined the protests against the Vietnam War
because you didn’t want to go (you had college to finish), your level of maturity was self–centered.
83)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
84)
Compare and contrast the key differences in the major levels of Kohlberg’s model of values maturity.
Communist Prison Camp
To understand the development of increased self–awareness, it is helpful to consider the opposite process: the destruction of
self–awareness. Understanding the growth process is often enhanced by understanding the deterioration process. In the case
below, a process of psychological self–destruction is described as it occurred among prisoners of war during the Korean War.
Consider how these processes that destroy self–awareness can be reversed to create greater self–awareness. The setting is a
prisoner of war camp managed by the Communist Chinese.
In such prisons the total regimen, consisting of physical privation, prolonged interrogation, total isolation from former
relationships and sources of information, detailed regimentation of all daily activities, and deliberate humiliation and
degradation, was geared to producing a confession of alleged crimes, the assumption of a penitent role, and the adoption of a
Communist frame of reference. The prisoner was not informed what his crimes were, nor was he permitted to evade the issue
by making up a false confession. Instead, what the prisoner learned he must do was reevaluate his past from the point of
view of the Communists and recognize that most of his former attitudes and behavior were actually criminal from this point
of view. A priest who had dispensed food to needy peasants in his mission church had to “recognize” that he was actually a
tool of imperialism and was using his missionary activities as a cover for exploitation of the peasants. Even worse, he had
used food as blackmail to accomplish his aims.
The key technique used by the Communists to produce social alienation to a degree sufficient to allow such redefinition and
reevaluation to occur was to put the prisoner into a cell with four or more other prisoners who were somewhat more
advanced in their “thought reform” than he. Such a cell usually had one leader who was responsible to the prison authorities,
and the progress of the whole cell was made contingent on the progress of the least “reformed” member. This condition
meant in practice that four or more cell members devoted all their energies to getting their least “reformed” member to
recognize “the truth” about himself and to confess. To accomplish this, they typically swore at, harangued, beat, denounced,
humiliated, reviled, and brutalized their victim 24 hours a day, sometimes for weeks or months on end. If the authorities felt
that the prisoner was basically uncooperative, they manacled his hands behind his back and chained his ankles, which made
him completely dependent on his cellmates for the fulfillment of his basic needs. It was this reduction to an animal–like
existence in front of other humans that constituted the ultimate humiliation and led to the destruction of the prisoner’s image
of himself. Even in his own eyes he became something not worthy of the regard of his fellow man.
If, to avoid complete physical and personal destruction, the prisoner began to confess in the manner desired of him, he was
usually forced to prove his sincerity by making irrevocable behavioral commitments, such as denouncing and implicating his
friends and relatives in his own newly recognized crimes. Once he had done this, he became further alienated from his
former self, even in his own eyes, and could seek security only in a new identity and new social relationships. Aiding this
31
process of confessing was the fact that the crimes gave the prisoner something concrete to which to attach the free–floating
guilt which the accusing environment and his own humiliation usually stimulated.
A good example was the plight of the sick and wounded prisoners of war who, because of their physical confinement, were
unable to escape from continual conflict with their interrogator or instructor, and who often ended up forming a close
relationship with him. Chinese Communist instructors often encouraged prisoners to take long walks or have informal talks
with them and offered as incentives cigarettes, tea, and other rewards. If the prisoner was willing to cooperate and become a
“progressive,” he could join with other “progressives” in an active group life.
Within the political prison, the group cell not only provided the forces toward alienation but also offered the road to a “new
self.” Not only were there available among the fellow prisoners individuals with whom the prisoner could identify because
of their shared plight, but once he showed any tendency to seek a new identity by trying to reevaluate his past, he received a
whole range of rewards, of which the most important was the interpersonal information that he was again a person worthy
of respect and regard.
Source: Schein, E. H. (1960). Interpersonal communication, group solidarity, and social influence. Sociometry, 23, 148–61.
85)
In the situation of these prisoners of war, what demonstrates that individuals tend to avoid new
self–knowledge?
86)
Describe a story (either fictional or from real life) that depicts an individual developing through the three major
phases of value maturity.
87)
Research indicates that an internal locus of control is not always a positive attribute. Compare and contrast both
the advantages and disadvantages of an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.
88)
Explain the key areas of self–awareness. For each key area of self–awareness, provide a real–life example to
support your description.
89)
Describe a story (either fictional or from real life) that depicts an individual developing through the three major
phases of value maturity.
90)
Describe examples (either from real life or a story of your own construction) that depicts at least two of
Trompenaar’s pairs of cultural dimensions. What behaviors or attitudes are associated with each dimension in
the examples you describe?
91)
Share a story (either fictional or based on real life) that depicts two people on the polar extremes of locus of
control. Clearly label which extreme each individual falls on.
Communist Prison Camp
To understand the development of increased self–awareness, it is helpful to consider the opposite process: the destruction of
self–awareness. Understanding the growth process is often enhanced by understanding the deterioration process. In the case
below, a process of psychological self–destruction is described as it occurred among prisoners of war during the Korean War.
Consider how these processes that destroy self–awareness can be reversed to create greater self–awareness. The setting is a
prisoner of war camp managed by the Communist Chinese.
In such prisons the total regimen, consisting of physical privation, prolonged interrogation, total isolation from former
relationships and sources of information, detailed regimentation of all daily activities, and deliberate humiliation and
degradation, was geared to producing a confession of alleged crimes, the assumption of a penitent role, and the adoption of a
Communist frame of reference. The prisoner was not informed what his crimes were, nor was he permitted to evade the issue
by making up a false confession. Instead, what the prisoner learned he must do was reevaluate his past from the point of
view of the Communists and recognize that most of his former attitudes and behavior were actually criminal from this point
of view. A priest who had dispensed food to needy peasants in his mission church had to “recognize” that he was actually a
tool of imperialism and was using his missionary activities as a cover for exploitation of the peasants. Even worse, he had
used food as blackmail to accomplish his aims.
The key technique used by the Communists to produce social alienation to a degree sufficient to allow such redefinition and
reevaluation to occur was to put the prisoner into a cell with four or more other prisoners who were somewhat more
advanced in their “thought reform” than he. Such a cell usually had one leader who was responsible to the prison authorities,
and the progress of the whole cell was made contingent on the progress of the least “reformed” member. This condition
meant in practice that four or more cell members devoted all their energies to getting their least “reformed” member to
recognize “the truth” about himself and to confess. To accomplish this, they typically swore at, harangued, beat, denounced,
humiliated, reviled, and brutalized their victim 24 hours a day, sometimes for weeks or months on end. If the authorities felt
that the prisoner was basically uncooperative, they manacled his hands behind his back and chained his ankles, which made
him completely dependent on his cellmates for the fulfillment of his basic needs. It was this reduction to an animal–like
existence in front of other humans that constituted the ultimate humiliation and led to the destruction of the prisoner’s image
of himself. Even in his own eyes he became something not worthy of the regard of his fellow man.
If, to avoid complete physical and personal destruction, the prisoner began to confess in the manner desired of him, he was
usually forced to prove his sincerity by making irrevocable behavioral commitments, such as denouncing and implicating his
friends and relatives in his own newly recognized crimes. Once he had done this, he became further alienated from his
former self, even in his own eyes, and could seek security only in a new identity and new social relationships. Aiding this
process of confessing was the fact that the crimes gave the prisoner something concrete to which to attach the free–floating
guilt which the accusing environment and his own humiliation usually stimulated.
A good example was the plight of the sick and wounded prisoners of war who, because of their physical confinement, were
unable to escape from continual conflict with their interrogator or instructor, and who often ended up forming a close
relationship with him. Chinese Communist instructors often encouraged prisoners to take long walks or have informal talks
with them and offered as incentives cigarettes, tea, and other rewards. If the prisoner was willing to cooperate and become a
“progressive,” he could join with other “progressives” in an active group life.
Within the political prison, the group cell not only provided the forces toward alienation but also offered the road to a “new
self.” Not only were there available among the fellow prisoners individuals with whom the prisoner could identify because
of their shared plight, but once he showed any tendency to seek a new identity by trying to reevaluate his past, he received a
whole range of rewards, of which the most important was the interpersonal information that he was again a person worthy
of respect and regard.
Source: Schein, E. H. (1960). Interpersonal communication, group solidarity, and social influence. Sociometry, 23, 148–61.
34