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56. From skeletal remains, the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following?
a. stature
b. race
c. sex
d. marital status
e. age
57. _______________ is the pioneering American anthropologist who did work among the
Zuni and founded the Women’s Anthropological Society in 1885.
a. Margaret Mead
b. Ruth Benedict
c. Martha Knack
d. Margaret Lyneis
e. Matilda Cox Stevenson
58. _______________ was a pioneer in using anthropology as an instrument to combat
racism.
a. Franz Boas
b. Matilda Coxe Stevenson
c. William Haviland
d. Stephen Jay Gould
e. Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala
59. Franz Boas did his first ethnographic research among the _______________.
a. Germans
b. Navajo
c. Inuit
d. Zuni
e. Kwakiutl
W
60. Which of the following services is not one that forensic anthropologists routinely are
called upon by the police and other authorities to identify?
a. potential archaeological sites
b. the remains of murder victims
c. missing persons
d. people who have died in disasters
e. victims of genocide
61. Among the skeletal remains studied by forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow are the remains
of ______________.
a. Julius Caesar
b. General George A. Custer
c. Adolf Hitler
d. Josef Mengele
e. b and d
62. This woman anthropologist was hired by the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1888,
making her one of the first women in the U.S. to receive a full-time position in science.
a. Margaret Mead
b. Ruth Benedict
c. Matilda Cox Stevenson
d. Laura Nader
e. Martha Knack
63. The term that refers to worldwide interconnectedness, signified by global movements of
natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious
diseases is known as _______________.
a. nationalization
b. internationalization
c. pandemonium
d. globalization
e. holism
W
64. In their fight against HIV/AIDS, traditional Zulu healers offer all of the following except:
a. a way to ensure mental well-being
b. sensitivity to the needs for balance between the individual and the community
c. culturally appropriate health care
d. the latest technological advances in disease treatment
e. health care tailored to meet the needs of the patient
65. Recent studies have shown that the unusual degree of separation of mother and infant in
Western societies has important consequences. Which of the following are not
consequences of the rather long degree of mother/infant separation in Western societies?
a. decreases in the length of infant feeding
b. prevention of early ovulation after childbirth
c. increase in physical abuse of child
d. increases in crying
e. decreases in physical stimulation
66. Cross-cultural studies show that in many non-Western cultures “co–sleeping” (infant
sleeps with mother) is the rule. Which of the following are benefits of mother and infant
co-sleeping?
a. infants nurse more often
b. infants receive more stimuli
c. infants are less susceptible to infant death syndrome
d. mother gets at least as much sleep as mothers who do not sleep with infants
e. all of these are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping
67. What is “transplant tourism”?
a. migration from developing countries to Western societies
b. a study of communities of retired persons living outside of the United States
c. agricultural development in industrialized nations
d. travel connected with the buying and selling of human organs
e. the study of immigrants in long-established communities
68. Anthropology makes an important distinction between the political and social
organization of _______________.
a. a continent and a country
b. a nation and a continent
c. a state and a country
d. a nation and a state
e. none of these
69. Far from being the biological reality it is thought to be, the concept of race emerged in
the _______________ century as a device for justifying the dominance of Europeans and
their descendants over Africans, Native Americans, and other “people of color.”
a. 20th
b. 19th
c. 16th
d. 18th
e. 7th
70. The authors of your textbook have identified two countries that have made moves toward
allowing same sex unions. Identify the two countries.
a. Mexico and Sweden
b. Belgium and the Netherlands
c. Afghanistan and Pakistan
d. Italy and Greece
e. The United States and Canada
71. In order to frame objective hypotheses that are as free of cultural bias as possible,
anthropologists typically develop them through _______________.
a. library research
b. research within the confines of a laboratory
c. fieldwork
d. surveys
e. well-developed questionnaires
W
72. In _______________, the first organ transplant occurred in _______________ when
surgeons removed a kidney from one identical twin to place it inside his sick brother.
a. 1954/Boston
b. 1975/Las Vegas
c. 1964/Los Angeles
d. 1983/New York
e. 1995/Chicago
73. Forensic anthropologists have become increasingly involved in the investigation of
human rights abuses in all parts of the world. Which of the following areas represent the
most recent investigations of forensic anthropologists into human rights abuses?
a. New York City and Iraq
b. Haiti and the Philippines
c. East Timor and Rwanda
d. Chile and Guatemala
e. Argentina, Cuba, and Nicaragua
74. The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve “practical” problems, often
for a specific client is known as _______________.
a. ethnohistory
b. applied anthropology
c. linguistic anthropology
d. ethnography
e. physical anthropology
75. The branch of anthropology that studies past human cultures, some of which have left no
written records, is known as _______________.
a. cultural anthropology
b. geologic anthropology
c. archaeology
d. linguistic anthropology
e. ethnography
76. Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to determine at what time humans began to
walk would be a research project for which of the following type of anthropologists?
a. Linguistic
b. Physical
c. Forensic
d. Applied
e. Ethnographer
77. Ethnographies are _______________.
a. intensive studies of particular plants
b. in-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures
c. comparisons of many specific cultures
d. descriptions of languages
e. intensive studies of ethnic groups
TRUE/FALSE
1. Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans in its greater attention
to detail and its requirement that students master the anatomical details of the human
body before they even begin to study diverse cultures.
2. Anthropology emerged as a scientific discipline less than 100 years ago.
3. One way that culture is preserved and shared is by language.
4. Ethnographic fieldwork is never done in Western societies.
5. While ethnography is the in-depth study of a single culture, ethnology is the comparative
study of culture.
W
W
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6. Ethnographic research has shown that women in food foraging societies devote much
more time to domestic chores than contemporary North American women do.
7. Imagination and skepticism are not used by scientists.
8. “Truth” in science can be said to be a matter of varying degrees of probability.
9. Like other scholars who study people, anthropologists are holistic in their approach.
10. Humans are mammals, specifically primates. However, they do not share a common
ancestry, like apes do, with other primates
11. Organ transplantation involves both biological and social systems.
12. According to the author, the first responsibility of the anthropologist is to the people
studied.
13. Technological innovations contributed to the development of anthropology in that it
enabled people to travel to remote parts of the world.
14. The shared, learned behavior of non-human apes should not be considered culture.
15. The encounter with unknown peoples that prompted the birth of anthropology came about
as European peoples sought to extend their trade and political domination to all parts of
the world.
W
W
16. Physical anthropologists are only concerned with the past evolutionary development of
the human animal and the biological variations with the species that occurred in the past.
17. A forensic anthropologist cannot tell from skeletal remains the details of an individual’s
health and nutritional history.
18. Besides providing factual accounts of the fate of victims who had disappeared
(desaparecidos) to their surviving kin, Snow’s work helped convict several Argentine
military officers of kidnapping, torture, and murder.
19. All cases of forensic anthropologists involve the abuse of police powers, and evidence
provided by them is often ancillary to bringing the guilty party to justice.
20. Studies of human adaptation focus on the capacity of humans to adapt, or adjust to their
material environment, biologically and culturally.
21. Genetic analyses indicate that the human line originated 5 to 8 million years ago.
22. Unlike other scholars who study people, anthropologists are not concerned with the
description and explanation of reality.
23. Material and skeletal remains help archaeologists reconstruct the cultural context of
human life in the past.
24. According to your textbook, empirical social sciences are based on observations about
humans.
25. There is far more biological variation within any given human population than among
them.
26. Your textbook suggests that the concept of race emerged as an ideological vehicle for
justifying European dominance over Africans and American Indians.
27. Your textbook states that marriage has always been between one man and one woman
and that only heterosexual relations are natural.
28. Nowhere in the world have anthropologist documented same-sex marriages. In all
human societies such unions are deemed inappropriate under any circumstances.
29. In Africa traditional healers typically outnumber modern medical advisors by a ratio of
100 to 1.
30. Because their differences are distributed independently, humans cannot be classified into
races having any biological validity.
31. Cultural and economic upheavals born of globalization have nothing to do with the rising
levels of ethnic and religious conflict throughout the world.
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MATCHING
Match each specialty below with the field (or subdiscipline) with which it is associated. You may
use the choices more than once.
Answer Options
a. physical anthropology
b. cultural anthropology
c. linguistics
d. archaeology
1. Ethnography ______
2. Primatology ______
3. Molecular Anthropology ______
4. Cultural Resource Management ______
5. Forensic Anthropology ______
6. Ethnology ______
SHORT ANSWER
1. Name the four fields (subdisciplines) of Anthropology and briefly describe each one.
2. Archaeologists attempt to recover information about past human cultures, some of which
left no written records. Explain how they would go about that task.
3. Explain the term hypothesis, and provide an example of it in Anthropology.
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4. Describe cultural resource management and explain its significance to Anthropology?
5. How do linguists contribute to our understanding of the past?
6. How does the understanding of organ transplants vary between Japan and the United
States?
7. To which three groups are anthropologists primarily responsible?
8. How was an anthropologist able to assist in unraveling the mysteries of the Argentinian
desaparecidos?
9. Name three contributions that Zulu traditional healers make to the treatment of AIDS
victims in South Africa.
10. Explain the use of the comparative method in Anthropology.
11. Name three forces that contribute to the expansion of globalization.
12. Describe participant observation.
13. What is the difference between a “nation” and a “state”? Explain why the distinction
between “nation” and “state” is important.
14. What is a holistic perspective?
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15. The massive encounter with hitherto unknown peoples that occurred as Europeans sought
to extend their trade and political domination to all parts of the world focused attention
on the amazing variety of human differences. What inventions allowed this massive
encounter?
ESSAY
1. It is the goal of anthropologists to know how biology and culture do and do not influence
each other. Using examples from each subdiscipline of anthropology, describe how
anthropologists attain that goal.
2. How is anthropology considered both a humanity and a science?
3. Discuss the characteristics of participant-observation and what this method contributes to
ethnographic understanding.
4. Describe the work of forensic anthropologists.
5. Discuss the challenges involved in ethnographic fieldwork and its contributions to our
contemporary world.
6. Compare and contrast anthropology to other social science disciplines.
7. Create an example of an ethical issue that might confront an anthropologist, and explore
how it could be resolved.
8. What is medical anthropology? Describe the development of that field of study in anthropology.
9. Discuss the limitations and inherent problems of the scientific method in anthropology.
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10. Discuss the role of traditional healers in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa.
11. Robert Gordon notes that “whereas the sociologist or the political scientist might examine
the beauty of a flower petal by petal, the anthropologist is the person who stands on the
top of the mountain and looks at the beauty of the field.” What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this stance?
12. Describe how anthropology is, at the same time, a social/behavioral science, a natural
science, and one of the humanities.
13. Discuss the concept of globalization and its impact on human communities all over the
world.
14. In regards to the question of ethics, as pointed out in your textbook, the kinds of research
carried out by anthropologists, and the settings within which they work, raise a number of
important moral questions about the use and abuse of their knowledge. What are some
moral questions raised by anthropological research?
15. From an anthropological perspective, describe how the meanings of death and the body
vary from culture to culture.
16. What does Stephen Jay Gould mean when he says, “[t]he greatest impediment to
scientific innovation is usually a conceptual lock, not a factual lock”?
17. Differentiate between ethnology and ethnography, and describe their use in Cultural
Anthropology.
18. Describe the use of fieldwork as it applies to all four subfields of Anthropology.
19. Discuss the ethical dilemmas that Anthropologists face, who do they owe special
obligations to, and by how do they address the dilemmas they face?