Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations
1. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative observation?
A)
The piece of metal is longer than the piece of wood.
B)
Solution 1 is much darker than solution 2.
C)
The liquid in beaker A is blue.
D)
The temperature of the liquid is 60°C.
E)
At least two of the above (A-D) are quantitative observations.
2. A quantitative observation
A)
contains a number and a unit
B)
does not contain a number
C)
always makes a comparison
D)
must be obtained through experimentation
E)
is none of these
3. Generally, observed behavior that can be formulated into a statement, sometimes
mathematical in nature, is called a(n)
A)
observation
B)
measurement
C)
theory
D)
natural law
E)
experiment
4. The statement “The total mass of materials is not affected by a chemical change in those
materials” is called a(n)
A)
observation
B)
measurement
C)
theory
D)
natural law
E)
experiment
5. A chemical theory that has been known for a long time becomes a law.
6. Which of the following metric relationships is incorrect?
A)
1 microliter = 10–6 liters
B)
1 gram = 103 kilograms
C)
103 milliliters = 1 liter
D)
1 gram = 102 centigrams
E)
10 decimeters = 1 meter
7. For which pair is the SI prefix not matched correctly with its meaning?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
8. A metric unit for length is
A)
gram
B)
milliliter
C)
yard
D)
kilometer
E)
pound
9. Which of the following is not a unit in the SI system?
A)
ampere
B)
candela
C)
Kelvin
D)
meter
E)
calorie
10. Order the four metric prefixes from smallest to largest.
A)
nano- < milli- < centi- < kilo-
B)
milli– < nano- < centi- < kilo-
C)
kilo- < centi- < nano- < milli-
D)
kilo- < centi- < milli- < nano-
E)
centi- < nano- < kilo- < milli-
11. 8.1 kilogram(s) contains this many grams.
A)
B)
C)
81
D)
0.81
E)
12. Convert 0.3980 m to mm.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
13. 6.1 seconds contain this many picoseconds.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
14. 9.49 seconds contain this many nanoseconds.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
8.1 102
8.1 103
8.1 10−3
6.1 1012
6.1 10−12
6.1 10−9
6.1 109
6.1 1015
9.49 107
9.49 109
9.49 108
15. The distance of 21 km equals
A)
m
B)
m
C)
m
D)
m
E)
m
16. What is the measure of resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion?
A)
mass
B)
weight
C)
volume
D)
length
E)
none of these
17. The degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity is called
__________. It reflects the reproducibility of a given type of measurement.
A)
accuracy
B)
error
C)
precision
D)
significance
E)
certainty
18. As part of the calibration of a new laboratory balance, a 1.000-g mass is weighed with the
following results:
Trial
Mass
1
1.201 0.001
2
1.202 0.001
3
1.200 0.001
The balance is:
A)
Both accurate and precise.
B)
Accurate but imprecise.
C)
Precise but inaccurate.
D)
Both inaccurate and imprecise.
E)
Accuracy and precision are impossible to determine with the available information.
Consider the following three archery targets:
I. II. III.
19. Which of the following figure(s) represent a result having high precision?
A)
Figure I only
B)
Figure II only
C)
Figure III only
D)
Figure I and Figure II
E)
Figure II and Figure III
20. Which of the following statements concerning these figures is correct?
A)
Figure I represents systematic error and Figure II represents random error.
B)
Figure I represents random error and Figure II represents systematic error.
C)
Figure I and Figure II represent random error.
D)
Figure I and Figure II represent systematic error.
E)
Figure III represents no errors.
21. Which of the following is the least probable concerning five measurements taken in the lab?
A)
The measurements are accurate and precise.
B)
The measurements are accurate but not precise.
C)
The measurements are precise but not accurate.
D)
The measurements are neither accurate nor precise.
E)
All of these are equally probable.
22. You measure water in two containers: a 10-mL graduated cylinder with marks at every mL,
and a 1-mL pipet marked at every 0.1 mL. If you have some water in each of the containers
and add them together, to what decimal place could you report the total volume of water?
A)
0.01 mL
B)
0.1 mL
C)
1 mL
D)
10 mL
E)
none of these
23. The agreement of a particular value with the true value is called
A)
accuracy
B)
error
C)
precision
D)
significance
E)
certainty
24. The amount of uncertainty in a measured quantity is determined by:
A)
both the skill of the observer and the limitations of the measuring instrument
B)
neither the skill of the observer nor the limitations of the measuring instrument
C)
the limitations of the measuring instrument only
D)
the skill of the observer only
E)
none of these
25. A scientist obtains the number 0.045006700 on a calculator. If this number actually has four
(4) significant figures, how should it be written?
A)
0.4567
B)
0.4501
C)
0.0450
D)
0.04500
E)
0.04501
26. Express the number 0.000333 in scientific notation.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
27. Express 165,000 in exponential notation.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
28. Express the number 0.0810 in scientific notation.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
29. Express the number in common decimal form.
A)
0.00649
B)
6.49
C)
6490
D)
0.0649
E)
0.000649
30. Express the number in common decimal form.
A)
237000
B)
0.0000237
C)
0.000237
D)
23700
E)
2370
31. We generally report a measurement by recording all of the certain digits plus ____ uncertain
digit(s).
A)
no
B)
one
C)
two
D)
three
E)
four
32. The beakers shown below have different precisions as shown.
Suppose you pour the water from these three beakers into one container. What would be the
volume in the container reported to the correct number of significant figures?
A)
78.817 mL
B)
78.82 mL
C)
78.8 mL
D)
80 mL
E)
79 mL
33. You are asked to determine the perimeter of the cover of your textbook. You measure the
length as 39.36 cm and the width as 24.83 cm. How many significant figures should you
report for the perimeter?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
E)
5
34. Consider the numbers 23.68 and 4.12. The sum of these numbers has ____ significant
figures, and the product of these numbers has ____ significant figures.
A)
3, 3
B)
4, 4
C)
3, 4
D)
4, 3
E)
none of these
35. Using the rules of significant figures, calculate the following:
A)
14.5
B)
16
C)
15
D)
82
E)
14.54
36. Using the rules of significant figures, calculate the following:
A)
3.823
B)
4
C)
3.8231
D)
3.82
E)
3.8
37. How many significant figures are there in the number 0.04560700?
A)
4
B)
5
C)
7
D)
8
E)
9
38. How many significant figures are there in the number 0.0006428?
A)
7
B)
3
C)
8
D)
4
E)
0
39. How many significant figures are there in the number 3.1400?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
E)
5
40. How many significant figures should be reported for the difference between 18.6172 mL
and 18.57 mL?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
E)
6
41. What is the best answer to report for g/mL?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
42. What is the best answer to report for ?
A)
27.351
B)
27.35
C)
27.3507
D)
27
E)
27.4
43. Convert 2751.4 g to mg.
A)
2.7514 mg
B)
27.514 mg
C)
275.14 mg
D)
mg
E)
mg
44. Express the volume in liters.
A)
781.2 L
B)
78.12 L
C)
7.812 L
D)
0.7812 L
E)
0.07812 L
45. Convert 44.7 to .
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
46. The pressure of the earth’s atmosphere at sea level is . What is the pressure when
expressed in ? (2.54 cm = 1 in., 2.205 lb = 1 kg)
A)
B)
C)
2.7514 103
2.7514 106
4.47 107
4.47 104
2.62 105
1.03 107
5.02 104
D)
E)
47. Convert 4338 mL to qt. (1 L = 1.06 qt)
A)
4598 qt
B)
4.092 qt
C)
qt
D)
4092 qt
E)
4.598 qt
48. Convert 34.4 lb to g. (1 lb = 453.6 g)
A)
g
B)
g
C)
g
D)
g
E)
g
49. Convert 59.4 mi to km. (1 m = 1.094 yd, 1 mi = 1760 yd)
A)
km
B)
km
C)
km
D)
km
E)
km
50. The density of liquid mercury is 13.6 g/mL. What is its density in units of ? (2.54 cm
= 1 in., 2.205 lb = 1 kg)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
1.83
4.30 100
4.092 10−3
1.56 103
7.58 104
1.56 102
1.56 104
6.50 101
3.69 101
9.56 107
5.43 101
9.56 101
51. Convert 0.0494 to L. (2.54 cm = 1 in., 1 L = 1 )
A)
L
B)
1.40 L
C)
L
D)
L
E)
1.62 L
52. In March 2008, gold reached a milestone value of $1000 per troy ounce. At that price, what
was the cost of a gram of gold? (1 troy ounce = 31.10 g)
A)
less than $1
B)
between $1 and $10
C)
between $10 and $50
D)
between $50 and $100
E)
over $100
53. It is estimated that uranium is relatively common in the earth’s crust, occurring in amounts
of 4 g / metric ton. A metric ton is 1000 kg. At this concentration, what mass of uranium is
present in 1.5 mg of the earth’s crust?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
54. A 20.0 mL sample of glycerol has a mass of 25.2 grams. What is the density of glycerol in
ounces/quart? (1.00 ounce = 28.4 grams, and 1.00 liter = 1.06 quarts)
A)
41.9 oz/qt
B)
4.19 oz/qt
C)
837 oz/qt
D)
47.0 oz/qt
E)
26.4 oz/qt
1.40 101