157
5.75 The most successful approach to treating hyperactivity is
a. medical treatment alone.
b. social skills training.
c. nutritional counseling.
d. to reduce time spent watching television.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.76 According to the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD, the most successful approach to
dealing with the academic issues associated with ADHD is
a. medical treatment alone.
b. psychosocial treatment alone.
c. medication plus psychosocial treatment.
d. medication plus removal from traditional school environments.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.77 Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs are referred to as
a. psychological skills. c. cognitive skills.
b. social skills. d. motor skills.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.78 Which is a form of locomotion?
a. holding a bottle c. using a stick shift
b. crawling d. building with blocks
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.79 Who is performing a fine-motor skill?
a. Johnny, who is walking c. Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil
b. Guy, who is rolling over d. Juan, who is playing soccer
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.80 Kamar has just learned to sit without support. Which motor milestone would you expect he has not yet
achieved, but will master the soonest?
a. rolling from back to front c. standing while holding an object for support
b. walking with assistance d. jumping
Diff: Moderate
158
Chapter Module: Motor Development
5.81 Haley is 2 months old. Which of the following motor milestones is she likely to have most recently
attained?
a. chest up c. standing with help
b. sitting with support d. grasping object
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.82 Motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the
demands of specific tasks according to
a. intersensory redundancy. c. differentiation.
b. dynamic systems theory. d. interposition.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.83 In newborns, upright posture is impossible due in part to their tendency to
a. be top-heavy. c. have a more developed trunk than limbs.
b. be bottom-heavy. d. have more developed limbs than trunk.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.84 Most 4-month-olds
a. do not have the muscles necessary to keep their balance.
b. use cues from the inner ears to maintain balance.
c. use only visual cues to maintain balance.
d. cannot maintain balance if they are blindfolded.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Hard
5.85 When infants are held upright over a treadmill
a. most 3-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
b. most 6- and 7-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
c. only 10-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
d. only infants who could walk already demonstrate alternate stepping.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.86 Dynamic systems theory considers the importance of
a. differentiation and integration of individual skills.
Diff: Moderate
b. intersensory redundancy.
c. the orienting response and habituation.
d. retinal disparity, size constancy, and linear perspective.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.87 __________ refers to breaking down complex skills into their component parts.
a. Differentiation c. Motor skills
b. Integration d. Locomotion
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.88 In order to learn to do a triple jump in ice skating, Jennifer broke the triple jump into its component parts
— the take-off, the individual turns, and the landing — and practiced each of those individually. Jennifer
was using __________ to master a complex act.
a. locomotion c. integration
b. fine-motor skills d. differentiation
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.89 Combining the component skills of a complex motion to form a working whole is called
a. a fine-motor skill. c. differentiation.
b. myelinization. d. integration.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.90 After first learning to do a backbend and then learning to stand up from a backbend, Janine combined those
two elements to do a complete back walkover. Janine’s combining of the two component skills to perform a
more complex skill is referred to as
a. differentiation. c. a fine-motor skill.
b. locomotion. d. integration.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.91 Which of the following fine-motor skills is the latest to develop?
a. shaking a toy c. using both hands in a coordinated way
b. moving a hand while holding an object d. using only one hand to simply hold an object
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
160
5.92 Nellie has noticed that her 3-month-old cannot coordinate the motions of his hands. When should she
expect him to be able to do this?
a. He should have been able to coordinate his hands at birth.
b. He should be learning how to coordinate his hands right now — at about 3 months.
c. He should be able to coordinate his hands at about 5 months.
d. He won’t be able to coordinate his hands until he is about 1year.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
5.93 Graham is 6 months old. How would you expect him to be feeding himself?
a. He is unlikely to be able to feed himself at all, so is likely to be completely dependent on adults to get fed.
b. He’s probably beginning to be able to pick up finger foods, but is likely to have difficulty getting them in
his mouth.
c. He can probably use a spoon to bring food to his mouth, but may keep his wrist rigid.
d. He should be able to use a spoon to eat using the same motions as an adult uses.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.94 Most children use a spoon like an adult by the time they are
a. 6 months old. c. 18 months old.
b. 12 months old. d. 24 months old.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.95 Hand preference
a. is apparent at birth.
b. first becomes apparent at about 6 months of age.
c. usually emerges sometime after the first birthday.
d. does not become apparent until a child enters school.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.96 A preference for one hand over the other
a. first becomes apparent when children enter school.
b. is well-established by the first birthday.
c. is influenced by one’s culture.
d. is determined solely by heredity.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.97 What determines hand preference?
Diff: Moderate
a. heredity alone
b. experience alone
c. heredity and experience
d. it has not been possible to find out what determines hand preference
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.98 In a culture where children are discouraged from using their left hands and encouraged to use their right
hands, you would expect to find
a. the same number of left-handed children, as you would find in a culture where right-handedness was not
favored.
b. fewer left-handed children than you would find in a culture where right-handedness was not favored.
c. more left-handed children than you would find in a culture where right-handedness was not favored.
d. many tools and utensils designed specifically for left-handed individuals.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.99 In the United States, physical education classes
a. should meet more frequently each week to promote physical fitness.
b. usually require high levels of activity during most of the class.
c. should emphasize team sports that are fun for the children.
d. do not need to emphasize lifetime physical activity.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.100 According to the information in your textbook, what recommendation do you think would be most effective
in improving the physical fitness of elementary-school aged children?
a. Have school physical education classes focus more on team sports.
b. Have physical education classes spend more time on discussion of fitness and less time on exercising.
c. Have physical education classes focus more on individual activities that can be done throughout life.
d. Continue offering physical education classes in the same way as they are now because they have been
shown to be very effective in improving children’s fitness.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.101 Adult coaches should
a. criticize the players. c. have very high expectations for the children.
b. emphasize winning over skill development. d. coach positively with praise for the children.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
5.102 Children are most likely to enjoy and continue to participate in a sport when
a. winning is emphasized over skill development.
b. coaches criticize players for bad plays.
c. coaches have realistic expectations and demands for players.
d. coaches badmouth opponents and referees.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
5.103 Researchers often measure an infant’s heart rate, facial expression, or head movements to see if the infant
responds differently to two different stimuli.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.104 When a stimulus, such as a tone, is presented to an infant over and over again, the infant will eventually
habituate to the tone.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Easy
5.105 Young babies cannot use odor to identify their mother’s breast milk.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.106 Infants can differentiate sour, salty, bitter, and sweet tastes.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Easy
5.107 An infant can detect changes in the taste of his mother’s breast milk that reflect the mother’s diet.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Easy
5.108 Infants do not have the ability to experience pain.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.109 Infants hear as well as adults.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Easy
5.110 Infants best hear sounds with pitches that are in the range of human speech.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Easy
5.111 Meningitis is the leading cause of hearing impairment in newborns.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.112 Parents should be concerned about their baby’s hearing if the baby has repeated ear infections.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Easy
5.113 One sign of possible hearing impairment is that an 8- or 9-month-old does not respond to his or her name.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.114 A sign of possible hearing impairment is that a 2-month-old does not imitate speech sounds and simple words.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.115 When testing an infant’s visual acuity, looking at plain and patterned stimuli equally means that the infant
cannot see the pattern.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.116 Newborns can see as well as adults with normal vision.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Diff: Easy
5.117 Infants’ color perception is similar to adults’ by 3 or 4 months of age.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
5.118 Young infants cannot use motion to define objects.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.119 By 4 months, babies have mastered size constancy, brightness constancy, color constancy, and shape
constancy.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.120 Babies who are 1½ months old who cannot crawl are afraid when they are placed on the deep side of the
visual cliff.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Hard
5.121 When objects are near, greater disparity in retinal images occurs.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.122 By 4 to 6 months of age, infants use retinal disparity as a depth cue.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.123 When texture gradient is used to infer depth, people judge blurred objects to be near.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.124 When relative size is used to infer depth, people judge smaller objects as closer.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.125 When interposition is used to infer depth, people judge partially obscured objects as more distant.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.126 Infants who can explore objects are more likely to understand the three–dimensional nature of objects and
to notice the details of an object’s appearance.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.127 Infants develop perceptual skills in conjunction with the development of motor skills.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.128 Three- to 4-month-old infants focus almost entirely on the outer edges of the face.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.129 Most adults recognize faces from their own race better than faces from other races.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.130 Infants typically respond to an unfamiliar stimulus, but pay less attention to it as it becomes more familiar.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.131 After a stimulus is presented repeatedly, infants pay more attention to it. This increase in attention is called
habituation.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.132 Older preschoolers show more focused attention than do younger preschoolers.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.133 Older children and adults have better attentional skills because they remind themselves to pay attention
more often.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.134 More girls than boys are diagnosed with ADHD.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.135 Children with ADHD often are unusually energetic, fidgety, and unable to keep still.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.136 ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Easy
5.137 ADHD is often treated with stimulant drugs.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.138 African American and Hispanic American children are more likely than European American children to be
diagnosed and treated for ADHD.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Diff: Moderate
5.139 By 2 months of age, most babies can sit upright with support.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.140 By 7 or 8 months, most babies can stand with help.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.141 Most babies take their first steps at 24 months.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.142 The ability to maintain an upright posture is one component skill of walking.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
5.143 The cues for balance come from the eyes, not from the inner ears.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.144 Moving the legs alternately, while transferring body weight from one foot to the other, is an essential
element of walking.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.145 Children typically step spontaneously around 10 months of age.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.146 Infants use environmental cues to decide whether a surface is safe for walking.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.147 Some cultures discourage motor development in order to protect infants and toddlers from harm by
carrying them constantly.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Hard
5.148 Most infants cannot coordinate the motions of their hands until they are 12 months old.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Moderate
5.149 Most 1-year-olds use spoons like adults do.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Diff: Easy
5.150 A preference for one hand over the other emerges around the first birthday.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
168
5.151 Almost all United States school children can meet fitness standards on fitness tests.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Answer: False
Page(s): 165
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Fewer than half of United States school children meet fitness standards on fitness tests.
5.152 Children spend nearly half of their time in physical education classes standing around, rather than
exercising.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Answer: True
Page(s): 165
Type: Factual
Diff: Easy
5.153 Sports can give children an opportunity to learn important social skills, such as how to work effectively in
a group.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Answer: True
Page(s): 166
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Easy
5.154 Children develop better skills when their coaches emphasize winning.
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Answer: False
Page(s): 166
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
5.155 Describe what is known about how well infants can smell, taste, and feel.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Page(s): 140–141
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
5.156 Based on what you know about the infant’s visual system, how would you decorate a child’s nursery so that
it is consistent with the young infant’s visual ability? Include information on acuity and pattern perception.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Page(s): 143–144
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
169
5.157 List and briefly describe the four types of pictorial cues that are used in depth perception.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Page(s): 149–150
Type: Factual
Diff: Easy
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
5.158 Research shows that fewer than half of UnitedStates children meet fitness standards on fitness tests.
Additional evidence indicates that physical education in schools is not meeting children’s needs. What are
some suggestions that you might make for improving physical education in schools?
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Page(s): 165–166
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
5.159 Your neighbor has just accepted a coaching position for a children’s soccer team. This is his first time as a
coach, and he is not sure whether to be really tough on the children to make them better, like some of his
former coaches, or whether to be a “nice guy” like some of his other coaches, who didn’t seem to care
about winning at all costs. What guidelines could you give him about what he can do to encourage the
children to enjoy being on the team and to want to continue to play soccer?
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Page(s): 166
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
ESSAY QUESTIONS
5.160 Your friend Shane has noticed that his 3-week-old daughter Fran seems to drink more from her bottle when
it contains sugar water than when it contains formula. Shane thinks that he saw Fran lick her lips when she
was given a bottle of sugar water. Shane thinks that he is crazy because he doesn’t think that the senses are
functioning in babies who are so young. What can you tell Shane about the sense of taste that might make
him feel better?
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Page(s): 140
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.161 Your friends Jack and Jill are the parents of a new baby boy. Jill has relatives who have some hearing
impairment, so they are worried about their son’s hearing. What can you tell Jack and Jill about the signs of
hearing impairment that they should watch for in their son?
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Page(s): 141–142
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.162 Discuss what is known about infant visual acuity and color perception.
Chapter Module: Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Page(s): 143–144
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.163 Discuss what is known about infant depth perception and the visual cliff, drawing on the research by
Gibson and Walk.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Page(s): 148–149
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.164 Compare how a 1-month-old infant and a 3-month-old infant would look at a face. Are infants innately
attracted to faces? Explain your answer.
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Page(s): 151-152
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Hard
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.165 Your friends Elmo and Dawn have a 3-year-old daughter, Courtney. Dawn stays at home with Courtney
during the day while Elmo is at work. Often in the evening, Courtney will say “Mom, Mom, Mom”
repeatedly before Dawn responds to her. Elmo cannot understand why Dawn keeps ignoring Courtney.
When Courtney says “Dad” he always responds right away. How would you explain what’s happening
using what you know about the selective nature of attention, orienting responses, and habituation?
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Page(s): 154
Type: Applied
Diff: Hard
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.166 Discuss the symptoms, causes, and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Page(s): 155–156
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.167 Fred and Wilma’s 5-year-old son Frank has just been diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder. Fred and Wilma believe that now that Frank is taking the drug Ritalin everything will be fine.
What can you tell Fred and Wilma about other treatments for ADHD?
Chapter Module: Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
Page(s): 155–157
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
5.168 Your friend Alex and Katya are concerned that their 9-month-old daughter Mariana often uses her left hand
to pick up objects. Alex and Katya are both right-handed, and they do not want Mariana to be left-handed
because it is a right-handed world. What can you tell your friends about the roles of heredity and
environment in the development of hand preference?
Chapter Module: Motor Development
Page(s): 165
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate