124
4.83 The __________ receives input from neurons, whereas the __________ sends information from other
dendrites.
a. dendrite; axon c. axon; cell body
b. dendrite; cell body d. axon; dendrite
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.84 Which of the following allows the axon to transmit information more rapidly?
a. myelin c. synaptic pruning
b. synapse d. plasticity
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: a
4.85 Chemicals that carry information from one neuron to the next are called
a. terminal buttons. c. myelin.
b. synapses. d. neurotransmitters.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: d
4.86 The corpus callosum
a. is the wrinkled surface of the brain.
b. is a tube-like structure at one end of a neuron.
c. is a thick bundle of neurons that links the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
d. controls personality and the ability to make and carry out plans.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: c
4.87 After suffering a head injury, Kent began having difficulty planning, and his personality changed. Kent
appears to have suffered damage to his brain’s
a. right hemisphere. c. corpus callosum.
b. left hemisphere. d. frontal cortex.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: d
4.88 Damage to the frontal cortex of the brain is most likely to affect the following functions?
a. understanding and producing language c. spatial relations
b. musical ability d. decision making
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: d
4.89 The left hemisphere of the brain controls
a. artistic and musical abilities. c. the ability to produce and understand language.
Answer: a
125
b. the perception of spatial relations. d. the ability to recognize faces.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.90 Language processing is regulated primarily by the
a. corpus callosum. c. left hemisphere.
b. frontal cortex. d. right hemisphere.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: c
4.91 The right hemisphere of the brain controls
a. the perception of spatial relationships.
b. the ability to produce and understand language.
c. planning ability.
d. reasoning ability.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.92 The entire nervous system arises from the embryonic structure known as the
a. medulla. c. corpus callosum.
b. neural plate. d. cerebral cortex.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.93 The production of neurons is virtually complete by
a. 28 weeks after conception. c. three years of age.
b. six months of age. d. adolescence.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: a
4.94 Neurons begin to acquire myelin in the fourth month of prenatal development and this process continues
____________________.
a.
until birth. c. through infancy into childhood.
b. into infancy. d. through infancy into childhood and adolescence.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: d
4.95 The production of neurons
a. is not complete until the child is in school.
b. involves producing many more neurons than necessary.
c. does not begin until after birth.
d. is very slow and gradual.
Answer: c
126
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.96 Neurons
a. are produced in their final positions.
b. migrate to their final positions in stages.
c. migrate to their final positions in the brain after birth.
d. are produced throughout life.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: b
4.97 The number of synapses reaches its peak by ____________________.
a. adolescence. c. childhood.
b. the second birthday. d. the first birthday.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: d
4.98 Synaptic pruning refers to the
a. production of neurons.
b. positioning of neurons.
c. disappearance of neurons.
d. wrapping of neurons in a fatty sheath that allows them to transmit information more rapidly.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: c
4.99 Synaptic pruning is completed first for brain regions associated with ___________________.
a. language. c. spatial relations.
b. decision making. d. sensory and motor functions.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: d
4.100 The brain’s electrical activity is measured by
a. X-rays. c. ultrasound.
b. positron emission tomography (PET). d. electroencephalograms (EEG).
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: d
4.101 The brain is
Answer: b
127
a. fully specialized by 28 weeks after conception.
b. fully specialized by birth.
c. somewhat specialized at birth, but continues to become more specialized throughout childhood.
d. not at all specialized at birth.
Chapter Section: The Developing Nervous System
4.102 The extent to which brain organization is flexible is referred to as
a. plasticity. c. myelinization.
b. synaptic pruning. d. positron emission tomography.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: a
4.103 Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding brain specialization?
a. Different brain systems specialize at different rates.
b. The immature brain’s lack of specialization confers a benefit: greater plasticity
c. Successful specialization requires stimulation from the environment
d. Specialization occurs late in development.
Chapter Section: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: c
4.104 Over the course of evolution, human infants have typically been exposed to some forms of stimulation
that are used to adjust brain wiring, strengthening some circuits and eliminating others. This is known as
a. experience-expectant growth. c. experience-dependent growth.
b. brain-based education. d. neurogenesis.
Chapter Section: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: a
4.105 Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding experience-dependent growth?
a. It denotes changes in the brain that are not linked to specific points in development.
b. It denotes changes in the brain from environmental influences that typically occur at specified
points in development.
c. It varies across individuals.
d. It varies across cultures.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: b
4.106 The extent to which brain organization is flexible is referred to as
a. plasticity. c. myelinization.
b. synaptic pruning. d. positron emission tomography.
Answer: c
128
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
4.107 Toddlers and young children have disproportionately small heads.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.108 Most of the body’s muscle fibers are not present at birth.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.109 Fat accumulates rapidly during the first year of life.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.110 During prenatal development, cartilage turns to bone beginning with the center and then moving to the
ends of the cartilage structures.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.111 Growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.112 Sleep is essential for normal growth because 80% of growth hormone is secreted during sleep.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.113 According to one longitudinal study, children who gradually slept less between sixth and eighth grade
had the most symptoms of depression and the largest drop in self-esteem.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.114 Infants need to consume fewer calories per pound than do adults.
Answer: a
129
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.115 Breastfed babies are ill more often than bottle-fed babies.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.116 Bottle-fed babies are less prone to diarrhea and constipation.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.117 Bottle-fed babies make the transition to solid food more easily than breast-fed babies.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.118 Increased pickiness while eating occurs when growth slows in children who are around two years of age.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.119 To help with the finicky period when it comes to eating, parents should force children to eat foods in a
certain order.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.120 Early adolescence is a period of rapid growth.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.121 Boys reach their mature stature about two years before girls do.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.122 Muscle growth during puberty is more pronounced in girls than in boys.
130
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.123 Most people with osteoporosis are women.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.124 Bones acquire most of the mass during childhood and adolescence.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.125 Most adolescents get enough calcium and exercise for healthy bone growth.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.126 The “Best Bones Forever” campaign was designed to encourage 9– to –12–year-old girls to consume more
calcium and to exercise more often.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.127 Early menstrual cycles are usually irregular and without ovulation.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.128 Initial ejaculations usually contain enough sperm to fertilize an egg.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.129 The pituitary gland signals other glands to secrete hormones that stimulate pubertal changes in the body.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.130 Puberty occurs later in girls who are heavier and taller, but earlier in girls who are afflicted with chronic
illnesses or who receive inadequate nutrition.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
131
4.131 The age of menarche is still dropping in industrialized countries.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.132 Menarche occurs earlier in girls who experience much family conflict or depression.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.133 The timing of puberty for girls can be influenced by their fathers, specifically by the quantity and quality
of paternal interactions.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.134 Early maturation in girls may lead them to associate with older adolescents who encourage them to
engage in age-inappropriate activities.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
4.135 Malnutrition is not common in industrialized countries.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.136 The effects of malnutrition are especially damaging during infancy.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.137 Malnutrition affects a child’s intelligence and ability to pay attention.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.138 The effects of malnutrition can be cured simply by providing an adequate diet.
132
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.139 People with bulimia may purge food from their bodies by taking laxatives.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.140 Obesity in childhood is associated with anorexia, but not bulimia.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.141 In the past three decades, the number of overweight children has doubled and the number of overweight
adolescents has tripled.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.142 Adopted children and adolescents’ weights are related to the weights of their adoptive parents and not to
the weights of their biological parents.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.143 During the preschool years, internal control of eating is replaced gradually with external signals.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.144 The most effective way for obese children to lose weight is to involve the whole family.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.145 Infectious diseases are the leading killers of young children worldwide.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.146 Many childhood deaths can be prevented with simple treatments, such as vaccinations.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.147 After age one, the most common cause of childhood death in the United States is malnutrition.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.148 Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of accidental death in children.
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
4.149 The cell body sends information to other neurons.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.150 The part of the neuron called the axon receives information from other neurons.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.151 The small knobs at the ends of the axon are called synapses.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.152 The wrinkled surface of the brain is called the corpus callosum.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.153 The ability to produce and understand language is usually located in the right hemisphere of the brain.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.154 The ability to perceive spatial relations is usually located in the left hemisphere of the brain.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.155 Almost all of the neurons that the brain will ever have are produced between 10 and 28 weeks after
conception.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.156 Around seven months after conception, all six layers of the brain are in place.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.157 The gradual disappearance of synapses is thought to be beneficial because it weeds out synapses that are
not frequently used.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.158 F-MRIs are used to track blood flow as participants perform different cognitive tasks.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.159 With development, the brain regions active during processing become less focused and more diffuse.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.160 With development, the kinds of stimuli that trigger brain activity shift from being specific to general.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.161 When children suffer brain damage, cognitive processes are usually impaired but they improve gradually,
which shows the brains’ plasticity.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.162 Experience fine tunes circuits in the developing brain.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
135
4.163 Experience-expectant growth denotes changes in the brain that are not linked to specific points in
development and that vary across individuals and across cultures.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
4.164 A skilled cellist has extensive regions of the brain devoted to control the fingers of the left hand as they
are positioned on the strings. This is an example of experience-dependent growth.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Answer: True
Page(s): 133
Type: Factual
Diff: Hard
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
4.165 According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what are some recommended guidelines for dealing
with picky eaters?
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
Page(s): 113
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
4.166 You want to prepare your child for her approaching puberty by discussing physical changes associated
with puberty. What are the first signs that puberty has begun and what physical changes will occur later?
Discuss the characteristics of puberty for girls and for boys.
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
Page(s): 115–116
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
4.167 What are the characteristics of malnourishment and how should it be treated?
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
Answer: False
Page(s): 133
Type: Factual
Diff: Hard
Page(s): 122
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
4.168 How does the environment influence obesity? Given that obesity has reached epidemic proportions, what
could be done to help obese youth lose weight? What are the features of effective weight loss programs?
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
Page(s): 124–125
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
4.169 Describe neurons, cell bodies, dendrites, and axons.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Page(s): 128
Type: Factual
Diff: Easy
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
4.170 What methods have scientists used to map functions onto particular brain regions?
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Page(s): 130
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
4.171 Describe the five general principles that describe the brain’s specialization as children develop.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Page(s): 131–134
Type: Factual
Diff: Hard
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
ESSAY QUESTIONS
4.172 Your friend Lafon has a newborn son named Lamar. Lamar was a healthy full-term infant who weighed
7 pounds 6 ounces at birth. While you and Lafon are shopping for clothes for Lamar in a very expensive
children’s store, you notice that Lafon is loading her cart with lots of zero to three month size clothes. You
ask Lafon if she thinks it’s a good idea to spend so much money on clothes that Lamar will outgrow very
quickly. What can you tell Lafon about physical growth during the first year of life that may change her
mind about these clothes?
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
Page(s): 108–110
Type: Applied
Diff: Easy
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
4.173 You have an 11-year-old daughter and your best friend has an 11-year-old son. Your friend thinks that
your daughter has entered puberty and is wondering when his son will begin puberty and what physical
events will occur during puberty. What can you tell your friend about puberty in general and the differences
in onset of puberty in boys and girls?
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
Page(s): 113–116
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
4.174 You have an 11-year-old son and your best friend has a 9-year-old daughter. They have both entered
puberty early. How will early maturation psychologically impact her daughter? Will it be the same for
your son? What can you tell your friend about the psychological impacts of early maturation?
Chapter Module: Physical Growth
Page(s): 117–121
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
4.175 Your friend, Felicia, is the mother of a 13-year-old daughter, Yvonne. Felicia is concerned that Yvonne
is anorexic because she “eats like a bird.” What can you tell Felicia about the causes and symptoms of
anorexia that will help her identify if Yvonne is anorexic?
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
Page(s): 123–124
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
4.176 Your friend Dorothy is upset because her adopted 13-year-old daughter is overweight. No one else in the
family has a weight problem. What can you tell Dorothy about the influence of heredity and environment
on one’s weight? What advice can you give Dorothy about weight loss in children?
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
Page(s): 124–125
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
4.177 Your friends have an 18-month-old who often becomes fussy when he is in his car seat for long periods
of time, so they will take him out of the car seat. What can you tell your friends that might make them
change their minds about this unsafe practice?
Chapter Module: Challenges to Healthy Growth
Page(s): 126–127
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
4.178 Describe the behaviors regulated by each of the following regions of the brain: left hemisphere, right
hemisphere, and frontal cortex.
Chapter Module: The Developing Nervous System
Page(s): 128
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following: