Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.103 Prepared childbirth emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT
a. education. c. the use of medication.
b. relaxation. d. the presence of a supportive coach.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.104 Prepared childbirth classes emphasize
a. the use of visual imagery to increase relaxation.
b. the use of drugs for pain control.
c. that women should go through labor alone.
d. that home births are best.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.105 Bea attended childbirth preparation classes. Ruby did not. Which of the following statements concerning
Bea’s and Ruby’s experiences during childbirth is most likely to be true?
a. Bea is unlikely to use any medication, but Ruby is likely to use medication.
b. Bea is likely to use less medication than Ruby.
c. Ruby is likely to use less medication than Bea.
d. Ruby and Bea are equally likely to use medication.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.106 Compared to women who gave birth in the 1950s, women who give birth today are less likely to
a. use general anesthesia. c. use visual imagery.
b. use deep-breathing techniques. d. have a labor “coach.”
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.107 Home births
a. usually involve the presence of a doctor.
b. are more expensive than hospital births.
c. make women feel as if they have less control over labor and delivery.
d. should only be attempted by healthy women who have had problem-free pregnancies.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
87
3.108 Women who give birth at home
a. are more common in the United States than in Europe.
b. usually do so without having any health care professionals present.
c. have greater control over labor and birth than they do in a hospital.
d. are less relaxed during labor than they are if they give birth in a hospital.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.109 Nicole gave birth recently and now frequently feels irritable and apathetic, has feelings of low self-worth, and
doesn’t sleep or eat very well. Nicole is showing signs of
a. hypoxia. c. preeclampsia.
b. a prolapsed umbilical cord. d. postpartum depression.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.110 New mothers who experience postpartum depression
a. seem to have normal levels of hormones during pregnancy.
b. are more likely to have had an unplanned pregnancy.
c. have other adults around them who are supportive.
d. respond as warmly and enthusiastically to their babies as non-depressed mothers.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.111 Postpartum depression is more likely in women who
a. were depressed before pregnancy.
b. wanted to become pregnant.
c. have the support of other adults after the baby is born.
d. have particularly low levels of hormones in the later phases of pregnancy.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.112 Hypoxia refers to
a. not receiving adequate oxygen. c. receiving excessive amounts of oxygen.
b. not receiving adequate nutrition. d. excessive bleeding.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.113 Hypoxia is likely to lead to
a. respiratory problems such as asthma. c. mental retardation.
b. blindness. d. hyperactivity.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.114 Amanda is pregnant and has high blood pressure, protein in her urine, and swollen ankles. Amanda appears
to have
a. preeclampsia. c. cephalopelvic disproportion.
b. a prolapsed umbilical cord. d. a baby lying in an irregular position.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.115 A prolapsed umbilical cord
a. occurs when the cord precedes the baby through the birth canal and is squeezed shut.
b. makes it impossible for the baby to pass through the birth canal.
c. is referred to as breech position.
d. can cause the baby to receive an excessive amount of oxygen.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.116 Cesarean sections
a. should not be performed when a fetus is in distress.
b. are less risky than vaginal deliveries for mothers.
c. pose little risk for babies.
d. can interfere with later mother-baby interactions.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.117 Will was born 35 weeks after conception. Will was a
a. premature infant. c. full-term infant.
b. small-for-date infant. d. postmature infant.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.118 Jason was born prematurely. Which of the following statements about Jason’s development is most likely to
be true?
a. Jason’s developmental prognosis is worse than that of small-for-date babies.
b. Jason’s development is likely to be slower than normal for his first year of life, but normal by the time he
is 2 to 3 years of age.
c. Jason’s development is likely to be slower than normal throughout childhood.
d. Jason’s development is likely to be no different from that of full–term babies from birth on through
childhood.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
89
3.119 Tina weighed much less at birth than expected for the length of time since her conception. Tina was a(n)
__________ baby.
a. premature c. small-for-date
b. full-term d. anoxia
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.120 Small-for-date infants
a. often have mothers who smoke or drank during pregnancy.
b. typically have few developmental complications.
c. are less common in the United States than in other industrialized countries.
d. tend to be developmentally delayed even when they have optimal environments after birth.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.121 Studies of at-risk infants suggest that
a. at-risk infants will have unstable family environments.
b. an unstable environment does not affect the development of at-risk infants.
c. regardless of the environment, at-risk infants are likely to lag behind infants not at risk.
d. with a stable, supportive environment at-risk infants often develop normally during childhood.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.122 Low birth weight
a. is not related to infant mortality.
b. is more likely to occur in the United States than other industrialized nations.
c. cannot be prevented by good prenatal care.
d. has no long-term consequences for development.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.123 Infant mortality rates
a. in the United States are among the lowest in the world.
b. are related to the availability of prenatal health care.
c. are unrelated to low birth weight.
d. are high in the United States due to the generally poor quality of medical facilities in this country.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.124 Olivia was told that her newborn daughter had an Apgar score of 8. She should be
a. mourning, because her daughter died.
90
b. extremely concerned, because her daughter is in a life-threatening state and requires emergency
medical care.
c. worried, because her daughter needs special attention and care.
d. happy, because her daughter is in good physical condition.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.125 An Apgar score of __________ indicates a life-threatening situation that requires emergency care.
a. 3 or less c. 7 to 10
b. 4 to 6 d. 11 to 14
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.126 __________ provides a quick, approximate assessment of a newborn’s status by looking at five vital signs.
a. The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale c. Chorionic villus sampling
b. The Babinski d. The Apgar Scale
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.127 The Apgar Scale measures a newborn’s
a. skin tone. c. vision.
b. hearing. d. intelligence.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.128 Rodney’s newborn son underwent a comprehensive evaluation that included tests of reflexes, hearing, vision,
alertness, irritability, and consolability. Rodney’s son was most likely given
a. the Apgar Scale. c. the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.
b. chorionic villus sampling. d. the Stanford-Binet.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.129 Newborn reflexes
a. are uncommon. c. are involuntary motor responses to stimuli.
b. are learned. d. do not have any major significance.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.130 When a newborn’s foot is stroked from heel to toe, the infant will fan its toes. This is known as the
a. Moro reflex. c. palmar reflex.
b. Babinski reflex. d. rooting reflex.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.131 The Moro reflex
a. may help a baby cling to its mother. c. is a precursor to voluntary grasping.
b. helps a baby find the mother’s nipple. d. permits feeding.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.132 Sarah has noticed that whenever she touches her baby son’s cheek, he turns his head and opens his mouth.
Sarah has triggered the
a. sucking reflex. c. Babinski reflex.
b. Moro reflex. d. rooting reflex.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.133 When Grant puts a small rattle in his newborn daughter’s hand, she grasps it tightly. Grant’s daughter is
displaying the
a. palmar reflex. c. Babinski reflex.
b. Moro reflex. d. rooting reflex.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.134 Reflexes
a. are not important to the newborn’s survival.
b. do not protect the infant from danger in the environment.
c. indicate whether or not the newborn’s nervous system is working properly.
d. are not related to later motor behavior.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.135 Margaret’s newborn daughter shows few reflexive behaviors and those she does have are weak. Margaret
should be
a. concerned and take her daughter for a thorough physical and behavioral assessment.
b. congratulated for having a developmentally advanced infant daughter.
c. happy that she has a perfectly normal daughter.
d. a little more observant. All infants have many reflexive behaviors.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.136 Carlie is sitting calmly in her bouncy chair. Her eyes are wide open. She appears to be looking around at
everything in the room as if she’s trying to figure out what everything is. She appears to be in the state of
a. crying. c. alert inactivity.
b. waking activity. d. sleeping.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.137 Newborn Kevin is in a state of waking activity. You would expect him to
a. be crying. c. have open, unfocused eyes.
b. be sleeping. d. have open, attentive eyes.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.138 How much time do most newborns spend crying each day?
a. 30 minutes c. 2 to 3 hours
b. 1 hour d. 4 to 5 hours
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.139 Newborn Jared started crying softly, then gradually cried a little harder. Jared is showing a(n)
a. pain cry. c. basic cry.
b. mad cry. d. abnormal cry.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.140 A newborn’s pain cry
a. begins softly, then gradually becomes more intense.
b. begins with a sudden, long burst of crying, followed by a long pause and gasping.
c. is a more intense version of a basic cry.
d. is indistinguishable from a hunger cry.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.141 Which of the following is NOT a useful technique used to help soothe crying babies?
a. swaddling c. singing lullabies
b. gently rocking the baby d. triggering the Moro reflex.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.142 According to the work of Hubbard and van IJzendoorn, which of the following is the best advice one could
give to parents of infants regarding how quickly they should respond to their infants’ cries?
a. Respond quickly to all of the infant’s cries, as this will instill confidence in the infant.
b. Respond slowly to all of the infant’s cries, so that the infant will learn to regulate his or her crying.
c. Respond quickly to severe distress, but less quickly to minor upset.
d. Respond quickly to minor upset, but less quickly to severe distress.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.143 Newborns spend the most time in which state?
a. alert inactivity c. crying
b. waking activity d. sleeping
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.144 If Carlie is a typical newborn, she will sleep __________ hours a day.
a. 8 to 10 c. 16 to 18
b. 12 to 14 d. 20 to 22
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.145 Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep
a. becomes more frequent as infants grow older.
b. may stimulate the brain and foster growth of the nervous system.
c. makes up 90 percent of newborns’ sleep.
d. involves steady heart rate, breathing, and brain activity.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.146 Babies are more likely to die from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
a. if their parents do not smoke.
b. if they were premature or low birth weight babies.
c. in the summer months.
d. while sleeping on their backs.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.147 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is more likely to occur when
a. an infant is 12 months or older. c. babies are not kept sufficiently warm at night.
b. the parents smoke. d. infants sleep on their backs.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
3.148 The period of the zygote is the longest period of prenatal development.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.149 Fraternal twins result when the zygote separates into two clusters of cells.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.150 The period of the zygote ends when the zygote implants in the lining of the wall of the uterus.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.151 Implantation takes about a week to complete.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.152 Cell specialization begins in the period of the fetus.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.153 By the end of the period of the embryo, most bodily organs are in place, in some form.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.154 During the period of the fetus, the brain has distinct structures and has begun to regulate body functions.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.155 During the end of the fetal period the skin is covered with a thick greasy substance called vernix, which
protects the fetus during its time in amniotic fluid.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.156 Premature babies often have difficulty regulating their body temperature.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.157 There is no evidence that babies can recognize sounds that they hear during prenatal development.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
3.158 Pregnant women should double their caloric intake because they are eating for two.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.159 The majority of the weight that a woman gains during pregnancy is the weight of the baby.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.160 Low levels of folic acid during pregnancy can result in a baby born with spina bifida.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.161 Very little brain growth occurs during the last few months of pregnancy, so good nutrition during this time is
not important.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.162 When pregnant nonhuman females are exposed to constant stress, they give birth to offspring that are smaller
than average and more likely to have other physical and behavioral problems.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.163 Even occasional, mild anxiety has negative effects on the developing child.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.164 Children of teenage mothers generally do less well in school and are more likely to have behavioral problems.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.165 Women in their 40s are more likely to give birth to babies with Down syndrome.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.166 Rubella, syphilis, and cytomegalovirus cross the placenta to attack the fetus or embryo.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.167 Babies may be infected with genital herpes as they pass through the birth canal.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.168 Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to miscarry and to bear children who are smaller than average at
birth.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.169 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the leading cause of developmental disabilities in the United States.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.170 Heredity makes some individuals more susceptible than others to a teratogen.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.171 The timing of exposure to a teratogen is not important.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.172 Teratogens usually affect a wide range of body systems.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.173 In general, the greater the exposure to a teratogen, the greater the risk for damage.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.174 Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant are more likely to develop cancer of the vagina and have
difficulty becoming pregnant themselves.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.175 Results from chorionic villus sampling can be obtained earlier than results from amniocentesis.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
3.176 Labor begins with contractions of the muscles of the uterus.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.177 The transition phase of Stage 1 of labor is the most painful part of labor.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.178 The second stage of labor is the longest stage.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.179 The baby is born during the final stage of labor.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
98
3.180 Babies whose mothers receive large doses of pain medication during labor often are withdrawn or irritable for
days or weeks after birth.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.181 Home birth is a safe option for any woman.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.182 Most new mothers suffer from postpartum depression.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.183 High levels of hormones during the later phases of pregnancy place women at risk for postpartum depression.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.184 Women are more likely to suffer postpartum depression if they already are coping with other life stresses.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.185 Mothers who breastfeed are more likely to suffer from postpartum depression.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.186 Cephalopelvic disproportion is a birth complication when the baby is lying crosswise in the uterus and the
shoulder appears first.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.187 Hypoxia can lead to mental retardation or death.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.188 Being a premature infant is more serious than being a small-for-date infant.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.189 The risk to infants is far greater in the developed nations compared to the least developed nations.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.190 Based on research of Rose and colleagues, low birth weight impairs memory.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
3.191 The Apgar score is a measure that assesses breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, reflexes, and skin tone.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.192 The rooting and sucking reflexes are not necessary for survival.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.193 Some reflexes. such as the stepping reflex, serve as foundations for later motor activity.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.194 Newborns sleep in a block of 16 to 18 hours daily.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.195 Most babies don’t sleep through the night until they are 9 months old.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.196 “Co–sleeping” is commonly found in cultures where people define themselves less as independent individuals
and more as part of the group.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
3.197 About one-half of newborns’ sleep is REM sleep.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
Answer: True
Page(s): 100
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
3.198 Some scientists believe that REM may stimulate the brain and foster growth of the nervous system.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
Answer: True
Page(s): 99
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
3.199 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is more likely when a baby sleeps on its back.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
Answer: False
Page(s): 101
Type: Factual
Diff: Easy
Rationale: SIDS is more likely to occur when a baby sleeps on its stomach.
3.200 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is more likely to occur in the winter.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
Answer: True
Page(s): 101
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Babies sometimes become overheated from too many blankets and too-heavy sleepwear.
3.201 The basic perceptual system is not operating yet in the newborn.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
Answer: False
Page(s): 102
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Rationale: All basic perceptual systems are operating at some level in the newborn.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
3.202 Name the three layers present in three-week-old embryos and describe what each layer will later form.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
Page(s): 67
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
3.203 What are some common teratogenic diseases and their potential consequences?
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 77
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
3.204 What are some common teratogenic drugs and their potential consequences?
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 78–79
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
3.205 What are some common environmental teratogens and their potential consequences?
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 79–80
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
3.206 What are five general principles governing the influence of teratogens on prenatal development?
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 80–82
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
3.207 Describe ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling and the kind of information that can be
obtained from each.
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 83–85
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
3.208 What are some birth complications? Briefly describe the key features of each.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
Page(s): 91–92
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
3.209 What does the Apgar score measure? Consider the following newborn: Philip is a 6 pound, 7 ounce boy
whose pulse is 108. His hands and feet are blue. His grasp is weak. He has been crying loudly. He made a
weird face when his reflexes were tested but he did not sneeze or cough. What would Philip’s overall Apgar
score be? Show your work – explain how you got your answer.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
Page(s): 96–97
Type: Applied
Diff: Hard
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
3.210 Name and describe four infant behavioral states.
Chapter Module: The Newborn
Page(s): 98-100
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points:
ESSAY QUESTIONS
3.211 Name the three periods of prenatal development, the weeks they occur, and characteristics of development
during each period.
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
Page(s): 65-71
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
103
3.212 Your friend Chloe is pregnant and she told you that she knows the three stages of prenatal development — the
first trimester, the second trimester, and the third trimester — but she wasn’t exactly sure about what happens
during each of the stages. What can you tell Chloe about the three stages of prenatal development and the
major events that occur during each of the stages?
Chapter Module: From Conception to Birth
Page(s): 65-71
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
3.213 Chloe is concerned that her baby will not be healthy when it is born. She is wondering if there is anything she
can do that will help ensure that her baby will be okay. What advice can you give Chloe about the steps that
she can take toward a healthy baby?
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 71–72
Type: Applied
Diff: Easy
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
3.214 Chloe is concerned about the amount of weight that she will gain during pregnancy. She doesn’t want to get
“too fat.” She has heard of women who gain only 10 pounds while pregnant and they wear their pre-maternity
clothes home from the hospital. What can you tell Chloe about weight gain during pregnancy?
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 73
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
3.215 Your friend Monica wants to know why she should give up alcohol during her pregnancy. She wants to know
if she can continue to drink in moderation. Explain to her the dangers of drinking during pregnancy. Include
in your explanation a discussion of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).
Chapter Module: Influences on Prenatal Development
Page(s): 78–79
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
3.216 Chloe wonders how long her labor will last. She has heard stories about women whose labors are so short that
they had their babies in the back of a car or an elevator. What can you tell Chloe about the typical length of
labor for a first-born child?
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
Page(s): 87–88
Type: Applied
Diff: Easy
3.217 Describe the three stages of labor and delivery.
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
Page(s): 87–88
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer will be similar to the following:
3.218 Chloe is in her 6th month of pregnancy and she isn’t sure if she should take the prepared childbirth classes that
are being offered at the local hospital. The class meets for three hours every Monday night for six weeks and
that looks like a big time commitment to Chloe. What can you tell Chloe about the benefits of prepared
childbirth classes?
Chapter Module: Happy Birthday!
Page(s): 88-89
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate