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Chapter 2
Quick Quiz
1. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called __________ while the 23rd pair is known as __________.
a. sex chromosomes; autosomes c. eggs; sperm
b. autosomes; sex chromosomes d. sperm; eggs
2. Each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions is a(n) __________.
a. egg c. chromosome
b. sperm d. gene
3. If the allele for Type O blood is recessive, and the alleles for Type A and B blood are dominant, which of the
following individuals would have Type O blood?
a. a person with an AO genotype c. a person with an OO genotype
b. a person with a BO genotype d. all of these
4. The most common autosomal disorder (caused by an abnormal number of autosomes) is
a. Klinefelter’s syndrome. c. Down syndrome.
b. Turner’s syndrome. d. Tay-Sach’s disease.
5. Miranda has one X chromosome and no Y chromosome. Miranda has
a. Turner syndrome. c. Klinefelter’s syndrome.
b. Down syndrome. d. fetal alcohol syndrome.
6. The branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits is known as
a. polygenic inheritance. c. applied developmental science.
b. behavioral genetics. d. dominant-recessive inheritance.
7. Bobby (male) and Brandy (female) are __________ twins.
a. identical
b. monozygotic
c. dizygotic
d. either monozygotic or dizygotic (it is impossible to tell without more information)
8. The fact that behavioral consequences of genetic instruction depend on the environment in which those
instructions develop is best illustrated by the concept of
a. reaction range. c. nonshared environmental influences.
b. niche-picking. d. polygenic inheritance.
9. Deliberately seeking environments that compliment one’s heredity is called
a. reaction range. c. nonshared environmental influences.
b. niche-picking. d. polygenic inheritance.
10. The environmental forces that make siblings different from each other are called
a. reaction range. c. nonshared environmental influences.
b. niche-picking. d. polygenic inheritance.
Chapter 2
Quick Quiz Answers
1. Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2. Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
3. Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
4. Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
5. Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
6. Chapter Module: Heredity, Environment, and Development
7. Chapter Module: Heredity, Environment, and Development
8. Chapter Module: Heredity, Environment, and Development
9. Chapter Module: Heredity, Environment, and Development
10. Chapter Module: Heredity, Environment, and Development
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Chapter 2
Genetic Bases of Child Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2.1 Jackie has sickle-cell anemia, a condition which is
a. caused by a virus. c. inherited.
b. caused by a bacterial infection. d. related to a lack of protein in the diet.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.2 Who is most likely to have sickle-cell anemia?
a. Tad, a European American c. Miguel, an Hispanic American
b. Jared, an African American d. Ed, an Asian American
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.3 Each sperm and egg contains __________ chromosomes.
a. 23 c. 46
b. 26 d. a variable number of
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.4 A fertilized egg contains __________ pairs of chromosome(s).
a. 1 c. 23
b. 22 d. 46
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.5 In vitro fertilization is a procedure in which
a. an egg is fertilized by sperm in a laboratory dish and then placed in the mother’s uterus.
b. sperm is injected into the mother’s uterus to fertilize her egg.
c. a fertilized egg is extracted from one woman’s uterus and then placed in another woman’s uterus.
d. a surrogate mother is used to carry another couple’s developing fetus.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
Diff: Moderate
2.6 In vitro fertilization
a. usually is accompanied by surrogate motherhood.
b. is successful about 80% of the time.
c. is less likely to result in the birth of twins or triplets.
d. sometimes involves the use of egg and sperm from donors.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.7 Lilly and Kyle have been unable to conceive a baby through sexual intercourse, so they have decided to try in
vitro fertilization. Which of the following is true about their situation?
a. Lilly and Kyle’s attempts to have a baby through in vitro fertilization are very likely to be successful.
b. Lilly and Kyle are very likely to have to use a surrogate mother to carry the child.
c. Lilly and Kyle will have to use donor sperm.
d. If Lilly does become pregnant, she will have a higher than average chance of having twins or triplets.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.8 The first 22 pairs of chromosomes
a. contain either X or Y chromosomes. c. are called autosomes.
b. determine the sex of the individual. d. do not vary in size.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.9 Autosomal chromosomes
a. come in pairs containing one large and one small chromosome.
b. come in pairs of chromosomes that are about the same size.
c. determine the sex of a child.
d. have an X and a Y chromosome.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.10 Sex chromosomes
a. do not come in pairs.
b. come in pairs of chromosomes that are about the same size.
c. determine the sex of the child.
d. are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
Rationale: Answers a and d are false, b is only true for women, leaving c as the answer.
2.11 Kelly and Ruben just had a baby boy. If they could look at their baby’s sex chromosomes, they would see
a. one X and one Y chromosome. c. one Y chromosome only.
b. two Y chromosomes. d. two X chromosomes.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
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2.12 Chromosomes consist of
a. eggs and sperm. c. alleles.
b. phenotypes. d. deoxyribonucleic acid.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.13 Each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions is called a
a. phenotype. c. chromosome pair.
b. gene. d. recessive allele.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.14 Blueprints are to a completed house as __________ are to __________.
a. phenotypes; genotypes c. recessive genes; dominant genes
b. genotypes; phenotypes d. dominant genes; recessive genes
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.15 Which of the following is the best example of a phenotype?
a. blue eyes c. an XX chromosome pattern
b. an allele for sickle-shaped cells d. codominant genes
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.16 The complete set of genes that makes up a person’s heredity is called
a. an allele. c. a genotype.
b. deoxyribonucleic acid. d. a phenotype.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.17 Alleles
a. in a chromosome pair are always identical.
b. in a chromosome pair are always different.
c. in a chromosome pair are sometimes identical and sometimes different.
d. occur singly, not in pairs.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.18 When alleles in a chromosome pair are identical, they are said to be
a. recessive. c. heterozygous.
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b. dominant. d. homozygous.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.19 Leslie is homozygous for hair type. Therefore, she must have
a. curly hair.
b. straight hair.
c. one allele for curly hair and one allele for straight hair.
d. either two alleles for curly hair or two alleles for straight hair.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.20 An individual who is heterozygous for eye color would have
a. two alleles for brown eyes.
b. one allele for brown eyes and one for blue eyes.
c. two alleles for blue eyes.
d. blue eyes.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.21 Lucas has one allele for normal blood cells and one allele for sickle-shaped cells. Lucas’ blood cell alleles are
a. recessive. c. heterozygous.
b. dominant. d. homozygous.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.22 The chemical instructions of a __________ allele in an allele pair will be followed while those of a
__________ allele will be ignored.
a. heterozygous; homozygous c. recessive; dominant
b. homozygous; heterozygous d. dominant; recessive
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.23 If the allele for brown eyes is dominant and the allele for blue eyes is recessive, which genotype produces a
person with blue eyes?
a. A blue-eyed person is homozygous with two alleles for brown eyes.
b. A blue-eyed person is homozygous with two alleles for blue eyes.
c. A blue-eyed person is heterozygous with one allele for blue eyes and one allele for brown eyes.
d. The alleles for eye color are demonstrating codominance.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
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2.24 Abner has a dominant allele for a full head of hair and a recessive allele for male pattern baldness. You would
expect Abner to
a. be completely bald. c. have a full head of hair.
b. be partially bald. d. have thin hair.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.25 Jolie has sickle-cell trait, a temporary, relatively mild form of sickle-cell anemia, but does not have full-blown
sickle-cell anemia. Her condition is most likely the result of
a. incomplete dominance between one allele for normal blood cells and one for sickle–shaped cells.
b. two recessive alleles for sickle-shaped cells.
c. a dominant sickle-shaped cell allele and a recessive normal blood cell allele.
d. two dominant alleles for normal blood cells.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.26 When one allele does not dominate another completely, it is a case of
a. recessive inheritance. c. phenotype.
b. incomplete dominance. d. polygenic inheritance.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.27 Sickle-cell anemia
a. occurs in individuals who have one allele for normal blood cells and one allele for sickle-shaped cells.
b. is not an inherited disorder.
c. is not a serious health problem because it is easily cured.
d. is becoming less common in successive generations of African Americans.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.28 Recessive alleles are responsible for
a. Down syndrome. c. Klinefelter’s syndrome.
b. Huntington’s disease. d. phenylketonuria.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.29 Perry was born with phenylketonuria (PKU) which means that
a. she is mentally retarded and has an extra 21st chromosome.
b. phenylalanine can accumulate and poison her nervous system.
c. she will develop normally until middle adulthood, at which time her nervous system will begin to
deteriorate.
d. she has a missing chromosome and will be severely retarded.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.30 The disorder in which a person’s nervous system degenerates during infancy is called
a. Tay-Sachs disease. c. cystic fibrosis.
b. albinism. d. Huntington’s disease.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.31 Jared was born with a disorder that causes his respiratory and digestive tracts to become clogged with mucus.
Jared suffers from
a. Klinefelter’s syndrome. c. cystic fibrosis.
b. Tay-Sachs disease. d. Turner’s syndrome.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.32 Inherited disorders
a. are more often caused by recessive alleles than by dominant alleles.
b. are more often caused by dominant alleles than by recessive alleles.
c. are due to dominant alleles about half the time.
d. do not usually seriously impair a child’s development.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.33 Why are relatively few inherited disorders caused by dominant alleles?
a. Most disorders caused by dominant alleles lead to sterility, which means the dominant allele will not be
passed on.
b. Genetic testing can more readily identify dominant rather than recessive alleles; genetic counseling has
more successfully reduced the incidence of disorders caused by dominant alleles.
c. Every person with one of the dominant alleles will have the disorder, and people with most of these
disorders do not usually live long enough to reproduce, so the allele will not be passed on.
d. Individuals carrying dominant alleles for a disorder are less likely to actually have the disorder than are
individuals carrying a recessive allele for a disorder.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.34 __________ is one of the few serious inherited disorders caused by a dominant allele.
a. Sickle-cell anemia c. Turner’s syndrome
b. Phenylketonuria d. Huntington’s disease
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.35 Huntington’s disease is associated with
a. the absence of an important liver enzyme.
b. limited development of secondary sexual characteristics.
c. a progressive deterioration of the nervous system.
d. taller than normal height.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.36 Tom has Huntington’s disease. You would expect him to begin to show signs of nervous system deterioration
a. at birth. c. during adolescence.
b. during childhood. d. during middle adulthood.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.37 Wendy’s development was normal through childhood and early adulthood. However, during her 40s she
began to experience muscle spasms, depression, and personality changes. Which of the following disorders or
diseases is most likely to be causing her symptoms?
a. phenylketonuria c. Turner’s syndrome
b. Huntington’s disease d. XXX syndrome
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.38 Huntington’s disease involves progressive deterioration of the nervous system, which causes
a. muscle spasms, depression, and personality changes.
b. schizophrenia.
c. an accumulation of poisonous substances in the body.
d. sterility.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.39 Inherited disorders
a. are most often caused by dominant alleles.
b. are relatively rare.
c. do not run in families.
d. are more common than disorders caused by the wrong number of chromosomes.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.40 The most appropriate time for a couple with concerns about their genetic background to seek genetic
counseling is
a. before the woman gets pregnant.
b. when the woman gets pregnant.
c. when the couple already has a child with a genetic disorder.
d. when they are about to become grandparents.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.41 Debbie and Paul are thinking about starting a family, but are a little hesitant because there is a history of
phenylketonuria in Debbie’s family. What should Debbie and Paul do?
a. They should adopt a child if they want children. Anyone with a history of inherited disease in their
family should not have children.
b. They should go ahead and try to start a family. If Debbie is a carrier of the disease, she is unlikely to be
able to get pregnant.
c. They should go ahead and start trying. Phenylketonuria is not an inherited disease.
d. They should go to genetic counseling to determine what the odds are that they will pass on the disease.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.42 Cornelius and Janelle sought genetic counseling because of concern that they might have children with sickle-
cell anemia. The counselor determined they each have one recessive allele for sickle-cells and one dominant
allele for healthy blood cells. The counselor would tell them that they have a
a. 100% chance of having a child with sickle-cell anemia.
b. 25% chance of having a child with sickle–cell anemia and a 50% chance of having a child with sickle–
cell trait.
c. 25% chance of having a child with sickle-cell trait and a 50% chance of having a child with sickle-cell
anemia.
d. 75% chance of having a child with sickle-cell anemia.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.43 Genetic counseling typically involves
a. obtaining a detailed family history and performing tests to help couples with concerns about inherited
disorders.
b. informing parents-to-be about how they can have a more intelligent child.
c. the government in making decisions for private citizens.
d. helping couples with fertility problems.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
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2.44 __________ is an inherited disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome that results in mental retardation.
a. Phenylketonuria c. Down syndrome
b. Huntington’s disease d. Turner’s syndrome
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.45 Individuals with Down syndrome show which of the following characteristics?
a. mental retardation c. an extra X chromosome
b. aggression d. a lack of sexual development
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.46 Extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes
a. do not usually disturb development. c. always disturb development.
b. sometimes disturb development. d. always cause spontaneous abortion.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.47 Aletha and Frank are worried about their 1-year-old baby. His eyes are almond-shaped (unlike theirs), his
head seems small, and his development is slower than average — he’s just now starting to sit up by himself.
Which of the following disorders would you suspect their baby has?
a. Huntington’s disease c. Turner’s syndrome
b. Klinefelter’s syndrome d. Down syndrome
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.48 Children with Down syndrome typically have
a. advanced development. c. slower than normal development.
b. normal development. d. no development.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.49 The extra 21st chromosome that causes Down syndrome is
a. usually provided by the egg.
b. usually provided by the sperm.
c. provided by the egg about half the time and by the sperm about half the time.
d. usually created sometime during prenatal development.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.50 The incidence of Down syndrome
a. increases as the mother gets older. c. decreases as the father gets older.
b. decreases as the mother gets older. d. is unrelated to parental age.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.51 Who has the greatest risk of having a child with Down syndrome?
a. 15-year-old Meredith c. 36-year-old Lisa
b. 22-year-old Katie d. 44-year-old Susan
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.52 The most common reason for fertilized eggs to spontaneously abort shortly after conception is
a. abnormal autosomal chromosomes. c. environmental teratogens.
b. abnormal sex chromosomes. d. maternal disease.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.53 There are no chromosomal disorders consisting solely of __________ chromosomes.
a. X c. autosomal
b. Y d. sex
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.54 Harold has Klinefelter’s syndrome which is caused by a(n) __________ chromosome pattern.
a. XYY c. Y
b. XXY d. YY
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.55 Peter has Klinefelter’s syndrome. He is likely to be
a. tall, passive, and have below-normal intelligence.
b. short and have difficulty with spatial relations.
c. of normal height and have delayed language development.
d. tall and of average or above average intelligence.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.56 Victor is tall and has below-normal intelligence. He has symptoms of
a. Turner’s syndrome. c. XYY complement.
b. XXX syndrome. d. Y syndrome.
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.57 An XYY complement of sex chromosomes is associated with which of the following characteristics?
a. problems perceiving spatial relations c. below-normal intelligence
b. short stature d. susceptibility to heart defects
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.58 Liz has Turner’s syndrome. Which of the following characteristics would you expect her to have?
a. tall stature c. delayed language development
b. short stature d. delayed motor development
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.59 A female who is short, has limited development of secondary sex characteristics, and who has problems with
spatial relations would have which of the following disorders?
a. Klinefelter’s syndrome c. Turner’s syndrome
b. XYY complement d. XXX syndrome
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.60 Tina has XXX syndrome. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to have?
a. tall stature, difficulty with spatial relations
b. short stature, difficulty with spatial relations
c. tall stature, below-normal intelligence
d. normal height, delayed motor and language development
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.61 A female who has normal stature, but delayed language, and motor development could have which of the
following disorders?
a. Klinefelter’s syndrome c. Turner’s syndrome
b. XYY complement d. XXX syndrome
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity
2.62 Which of the following chromosomal disorders does NOT involve abnormal sex chromosomes?
a. Turner’s syndrome c. Down syndrome
b. XXX syndrome d. Klinefelter’s syndrome
Chapter Module: Mechanisms of Heredity