“Rape, Racism and the Law” Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system’s treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women’s sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
Common stereotypes of Black male sexuality include:
a. that Black male sexuality is wanton and bestial
b. that Black men are wild
c. that Black men are the criminal rapists of White women
d. all of these answers are correct
“Exploring the Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Class on Maternity Leave
Decisions: Implications for Public Policy,” Tiffany Manuel and Ruth Enid
Zambrana
Manuel and Zambrana examine the accessibility of maternity leave in the United States.
They point out the fact that of most similar industrialized nations have significantly
more security regarding maternity leave, wage replacement, and even paternity leave.
Major federal legislation, including the Equal Pay Act, the Civil Rights Act, and
Pregnancy Discrimination act are outlined. Greater focus is placed on the Family
Medical Leave Act of 1993, which mandates that large employers must provide eligible
employees 12 weeks of unpaid, job protected maternity leave (or other health related
needs). Turning their focus to low-income mothers, it was found that they took shorter
periods of maternity leave than other groups. Race, ethnicity, and social class are found
to be heavily related to amount of maternity leave taken, and that flexible leave benefits
are best, as they can be better shaped to fit a heterogeneous population.
Between 1991 and 1995, roughly how many women quit their jobs upon becoming
pregnant?
a. 30%
b. 35%
c. 40%
d. 60%
“Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of
Intersectionality,” Nirmala Erevelles and Andrea Minear
Erevelles and Minear argue that while intersectionality scholars focusing on the
connection between race and gender is important, that another factor; disability, should
also be considered. Disability specifically as related to education is examined, focusing
on the significantly higher rates that students of color are labeled and tracked into
“special needs” programs. They also argue that the way in which disability is often seen
as exclusively a biological, rather than social condition causes it to not receive the
consideration that it should.
In Erevelles and Minear, Crenshaw argues that social movements about single identity
politics have
a. ignored intra-group differences
b. increased understanding of intra-group differences
c. have been detrimental to the identity in question
d. all of these choices are correct
“Exploring the Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Class on Maternity Leave
Decisions: Implications for Public Policy,” Tiffany Manuel and Ruth Enid
Zambrana
Manuel and Zambrana examine the accessibility of maternity leave in the United States.
They point out the fact that of most similar industrialized nations have significantly
more security regarding maternity leave, wage replacement, and even paternity leave.
Major federal legislation, including the Equal Pay Act, the Civil Rights Act, and
Pregnancy Discrimination act are outlined. Greater focus is placed on the Family
Medical Leave Act of 1993, which mandates that large employers must provide eligible
employees 12 weeks of unpaid, job protected maternity leave (or other health related
needs). Turning their focus to low-income mothers, it was found that they took shorter
periods of maternity leave than other groups. Race, ethnicity, and social class are found
to be heavily related to amount of maternity leave taken, and that flexible leave benefits
are best, as they can be better shaped to fit a heterogeneous population.
Which group takes the least amount of maternity leave during pregnancy and
childbirth?
a. Low-income mothers with less than one year on the job
b. Low-income mothers with one to two years on the job
c. High-income mothers with three or more years at their job
d. Low-income mothers with three or more years at their job
“Rape, Racism and the Law” Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system’s treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women’s sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
During the slavery period, the rape of Black women by White or Black men was:
a. legal
b. illegal
c. subject to the death penalty
d. infrequent and illegal
“Are Asian Americans Becoming “White”?” Min Zhou
Zhou discusses the way that, officially and unofficially, Asian Americans are more and
more often being combined with Whites as having similar experiences. Unofficially
they are considered the “model minority”, with some achieving successes consistent
with the American Dream, and officially the fact that the two groups are combined
when it comes to equal opportunity programs. Zhou first criticizes this for the fact that
Asian American is a designation that includes people from a multitude of different
countries of origin, each having different experiences both in the past and during their
time in the United States. The “model minority” label is seen as being problematic for
reinforcing the stereotype that racism no longer exists: that any other racial or ethnic
group should be able to achieve the same. It also ignores the fact that different Asian
American groups have achieved different levels of assimilation and social class
standing, and are not a heterogeneous group that can be described with a singular label.
Zhou describes that most Asian Americans are not seeing to become “White”, but see
that as the standard norm for American society, and their own identity is more
nationalistic (American) than racial. However, the perspective that Asian Americans
would be able to achieve “Whiteness” would also minimize and ignore the impact of
anti-Asian discrimination and racism that is still present in American society.
The majority of Asian-origin populations in the United States are
a. First Generation
b. Second Generation
c. Third Generation
d. Fourth Generation
“The First Americans: Americans Indians,” Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States’ treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather “humane extinction.” The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to “civilize” American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. “Self-determination,” the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
As noted in “The First Americans: Americans Indians,” the policies of termination
and relocation of American Indians took the form of:
a. ending the special status of reservations and moving American Indians to urban
settings.
b. ending discriminatory practices against American Indians.
c. cultural relativism.
d. the creation of reservations and the sovereignty of tribal nations.
“How a Scholarship Girl Becomes a Soldier: The Militarization of Latina/o Youth
in Chicago Public Schools,” Gina Perez
Gina Perez explores the complicated relationship between young Latina/o students in
Chicago and the U.S. military. Perez argues that in addition to limited economic
opportunities, gendered understandings of autonomy, family obligations, honor and
respectability influence, how young people respond to the increasingly militarized
educational context.
Chicago public schools lead the nation with more than _______________students
participating in public school military programs.
a. 2,000
b. 200
c. 6,000
d. 10,000
“The Intersectional Paradigm and Alternative Visions to Stopping Domestic
Violence: What Poor women, Women of Color, and Immigrant Women Are
Teaching Us About Violence in the Family,” Natalie J. Sokoloff
Sokoloff’s work studies the problem of domestic violence from an intersectional
perspective. By doing this, she challenges the notion that gender inequality is the only
primary force driving the problem. The approach has two distinct objectives: giving
voices to battered women, as well as addressing socially structured inequalities that
feed into the problem. One of her major critiques is that the often-supported
“colorblind” approach to domestic violence (specifically in that it cuts through all races,
ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses), it prevents larger social structural problems
that feed into the problem from being recognized and addressed. As an example of this,
research shows that controlling for economics, African American women are less likely
to experience domestic violence, and that neighborhood factors (less collective
efficacy) is a more significant determining factor than race is. The tendency to approach
cases of domestic violence as part of a different cultural perspective (such as honor
killings), also minimizes the perceptions of domestic violence with persons of color.
Finally, community based programs are outlined that seek to prevent these issues
through structural change are examined.
Sokoloff’s argument about intersectionality in domestic violence is that ____ is NOT
the primary factor to explain it
a. socioeconomic status
b. gender inequality
c. racial inequality
d. none of these are the primary factor
“The First Americans: Americans Indians,” Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States’ treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather “humane extinction.” The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to “civilize” American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. “Self-determination,” the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
Assimilation of American Indians took the form of:
a. boarding schools for American Indian children and the 1887 General Allotment Act.
b. the continued practice of traditional ceremonies.
c. tribal governance.
d. the Trail of Tears
“Label Us Angry” Jeremiah Torres
Torres is still angry, years after an incident that he describes as “the most painful and
shocking event” of his life. Growing up in Palo Alto California, he and his friend Carlos
had not experienced overt racism until they had a confrontation with a speeding driver
who cut them off as they were leaving their high school parking lot. The events that
followed ” from the meanness of the people in the other car to the reactions of police
officers and the different ways in which the author and his friend handled their anger ”
illustrate some dramatic consequences of racist assumptions and racist labeling.
What kind of racism does the author identify as most prominent in this story?
a. covert
b. institutionalized
c. overt
d. structural
“The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then,” Abby
L. Ferber
Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist
system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past
slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an
animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based
upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber
presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with
their presentation as strong “bad boys”, but largely under the control of White
quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as
a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming
shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black
culture.
One concern with the role of Black men and sports is that they are
a. assumed to be athletic with little consideration for other abilities
b. are often still controlled and dominated by White men
c. reinforces stereotypes of “animal” behavior
d. all of these choices are correct
“White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” Peggy McIntosh
Peggy McIntosh explores the invisibility of racial privilege. She argues that Whites tend
to be unaware of the privilege they have as members of the dominant group. To
illustrate this point she compares her own experiences with denied male privilege to her
own limited perception of the privilege she enjoys because she is White. In an effort to
challenge this lack of awareness, she lists forty-six examples of the invisible privilege
she experiences in her everyday life that people of color do not. She points out that
these daily benefits of being white make her life easier. For example, the ability to shop
without being followed, to count on her skin color not causing suspicion of her financial
reliability, or even the ability to find blemish cover to match her skin tone reflects her
white privilege. She argues that for Whites these occurrences are largely taken for
granted. They are expected, assumed to be the normal experiences of everyday life. For
people of color, however, they are constant reminders of the struggle involved in all
aspects of life when one’s position in society is reflected as outside of the norm.
McIntosh identifies positive and negative aspects of privilege; unearned advantage and
conferred dominance. The advantage experienced by the privileged group can be
unearned, merely as a consequence of their position, or it can be created through
dominance yielded because of their position. Both aspects challenge the notion that
one’s experience in society is based solely on one’s merit, and recognizing this
challenges the denial surrounding systems of privilege and oppression. McIntosh
contends that once the privileged can no longer deny the benefits intrinsic to their
position, they must then decide to either destroy or maintain the system from which
they benefit.
The author believes Whiteness protected her from many kinds of:
a. adjustments, fears and actions
b. hostility, distress and violence
c. fears, violence and adjustments
d. depression, anxieties, and self defeating behaviors
“Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the
Wal-Mart Shop Floor,” Sandra E. Weissinger
Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted
for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She
documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows
that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her
gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes
for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain
the variation in women’s experiences.
She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and
complex ways, contributing to the persistence of “a web of intersecting and relational
inequalities.”
Ms. Gina Espinoza-Price provided an example of how a White man used joking to force
others to acknowledge the labels he had created for them and to show
_______________.
a. how “cool” he could be
b. his kind nature
c. dominance
d. that his sense of humor meant that he was not “really” racist.
“Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal?” Marianne
Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan
Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the
United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine
whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant’s name might influence
whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants
and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes. This article
reports their findings.
Bertrand and Mullainathan found that a White name yielded as many more callbacks as
an additional _______________ years of experience on a resume.
a. 3
b. 8
c. 5
d. 2
“Seeing Privilege Where It Isn”t: Marginalized Masculinities and the
Intersectionality of Privilege”, Bethany M. Coston and Michael Kimmel
Coston and Kimmel take a different approach to studying intersectionality and
privilege, in this case the way in which a class with privilege (males) intersects with
one without (disabled, gay, and working class). They theorize that the reason for this
intersectional marginalization is that all three classes remove some element of
masculinity: physical prowess for the disabled, the dominant role in sexuality for gay
men, and expendability in the case of working class men. The primary focus becomes
that privilege too is not a dichotomous, black and white issue, but also one subject to
intersectionality.
According to a survey by Levitt and Klassen (1976), a majority of Americans felt
homosexual males were only appropriate for which of the following careers
a. artist
b. judge
c. doctor
d. lawyer
“Seeing in 3D,” Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, “what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,”
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
For most women _______________, not discrimination, is the depressor of wages.
a. part-time work
b. time off to care for family members
c. job segregation
d. prejudice
“The Great Divergence: Growing Income Inequality Could Destabilize the U.S. So
Why Isn”t Anyone Talking about It?” Timothy Noah
Examining the historical status of income inequality in the United States, Timothy Noah
paints a picture that shows just how much worse economic disparity has become. In
1915, Willford I. King was troubled by the fact that the top 1% of earners possessed
15-18% of American wealth. Today, that figure is closer to 24%. Income equality was
more consistent following the Second World War and into the 1950s and 1960s, but the
following decades saw the separation begin to grow dramatically. Noah argues that
income inequality is ignored by most of the population due to a long-standing belief in
social mobility, and that hard work and intelligence can allow anyone to move to a
higher income bracket. He also illustrates the point how with the “Great Divergence”,
American economic inequality is more significant than in Latin American nations
where it is always assumed to be a long-standing problem.
Economic historians Goldin and Margo named the income distribution stability of the
1950s and 1960s the
a. Great Compression
b. Great Divergence
c. Great Recession
d. Great Sustaining
“Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment,” Jessie Daniels
Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction
between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the
globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to
engage in “identity tourism” in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet
may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic
status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe
space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their
gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet
otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to
adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are
less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and
interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own “real world” identity.
Research on actual online practices find that most people use the internet to
a. switch gender presentation
b. switch racial presentation
c. affirm their overall social identities
d. escape their overall social identities
“Straight is to Gay as Family is to No Family,” Kath Weston
This essay presents a distinct dichotomy that depicts the establishment and maintenance
of family and extended kin in the gay and straight world. Weston delineates a path of
rejection, isolation and loneliness from straight families as gay persons attempt to
establish individual identities. In addressing misperceptions surrounding gay life, this
essay also introduces alternative approaches to the establishment and cultivation of
family life.
According to Weston, two assumptions surround the divide between gay life and
family:
a. the absence of children or lasting relationships and alienation of adoptive and blood
kin.
b. too many children and poor relationships.
c. numerous children and only one biological parent.
d. family acceptance and lasting relationships.
“Straight: The Surprisingly Short History of Heterosexuality,” Hanne Blank
Blank draws upon personal experience regarding the topic of being labeled “straight”
based upon her own definition, having a male-appearing partner who has Klienfelter’s
Syndrome, a chromosomal makeup that includes an additional X chromosome. The role
that genetics, as well as biology (in the form of being able to reproduce) have been used
to define what is male and female are addressed as being non-binary, while our
definitions of sexuality usually is based on those simple assumptions (heterosexual,
homosexual, bisexual). The fact that “heterosexual” and “homosexual” are terms of
relatively recent origin, and have been tied more closely to legal issues than anything
related to personal perception or identity.
Biologists such as Anne Fausto-Sterling argue that humans have how many major
sexes?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
“Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The “prism of difference” they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a “prism,”
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner argue in
“Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” that an emphasis on differences and
inequalities will result in:
a. separation of groups.
b. unity of groups.
c. empty pluralism.
d. greater gender disparities.
“The First Americans: Americans Indians,” Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States’ treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather “humane extinction.” The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to “civilize” American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. “Self-determination,” the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
According to Matthew Snipp, American Indians are one of the most
________________ groups in American society.
a. significant
b. diverse
c. destitute
d. insignificant
“Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender
Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims,” Doug Meyer
Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore
how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently
according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting
oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but
middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the
interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and
particularly not LGBT people of color.
According to Meyer, attempts to punish gender nonconformity could be perceived not
only as attempts to enforce gender conformity but also as attempts to restrict:
a. heterosexuality
b. women’s liberation
c. homosexuality
d. racism
“The Invention of Heterosexuality,” Jonathan Ned Katz
The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means
of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been
closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society
throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality
continues to privilege “normal” and “natural” sexual expression.
Which doctor’s conceptualization of heterosexual “offered the modern world a new
norm
that came to dominate our idea of the sexual universe, helping to change it from a mode
of human reproduction…to a mode of pleasure?”
a. Dr. Kiernan
b. Dr. Rusk
c. Dr. Kinsey
d. Dr. Krafft-Ebing
“A Different Mirror,” Ronald T. Takaki
Through personal reflection and historical summaries, Ronald T. Takaki explores
multicultural America. As a Japanese American, Takaki argues that the historical and
cultural influence of the Japanese, as well as other racial and ethnic groups, on
American culture is largely unrecognized. The contributions of racial and ethnic groups
must be acknowledged to fully appreciate the true essence of American identity.
Takaki illustrates how despite historical similarities, racial and ethnic groups have been
pitted against one another, and their historical presence denied. Yet, he points out, their
influences and contributions to society are evident everywhere. He argues that
recognizing the value of their experiences allows for an enlightened understanding of
our common history and the tensions and struggles evident among racial and ethnic
groups today.
According to Takaki, the Chicano experience is unique in that:
a. Chicanos have settled predominantly in the North.
b. most all Chicanos are initially illegal immigrants.
c. their presence in the United States is the result of colonization and immigration.
d. Chinese Americans quickly became elites.
“Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration,” Denise Brennan
Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women – predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations – see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
“savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless.”
Poor single mothers use sex work with European clients as:
a. a survival strategy for themselves
b. a survival strategy for their children
c. an advancement strategy
d. a self-esteem enhancer
“Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference,” Audre Lorde
Lorde discusses the experience being marginalized in American society on multiple
levels. She discusses the role of art, and especially poetry as a means in which women
of Color have been able to historically express themselves and share the experiences of
their marginalization. The issue of the poetry and prose by women of Color and their
exclusion from college curriculums are addressed as a way in which these past
difficulties and issues are allowed to continue and repeat in our society.
Lorde also discusses the importance and need to recognize human differences to fully
understand each other, but that these differences need not lead to further
marginalization. Instead, they can be used to help develop understanding of each other,
and that these understandings can be what helps to reduce marginalization amongst
persons of different race, ethnicity, class, and sexual orientations.
What excuses are often used as to why literature by women of Color is often not taught
in college classes?
a. can only be taught by women of Color
b. they are too difficult to understand
c. the experiences presented are “too different”
d. all of these choices are correct
“Seeing in 3D,” Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, “what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,”
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
Compared to men, women have slightly higher:
a. credit scores
b. incomes
c. absentee rates
d. positions in the private labor market
“The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then,” Abby
L. Ferber
Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist
system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past
slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an
animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based
upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber
presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with
their presentation as strong “bad boys”, but largely under the control of White
quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as
a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming
shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black
culture.
White supremacy portrays ________ as a problem of a deficient Black culture
a. crime
b. inequality
c. wealth
d. equality
“Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and
Upper Class)” Janani Balasubramanian
Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue,
and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food
economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in
other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities
are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the
“variety of voices’ that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved.
Balasubramania claims that many White male food activists situate the current state of
American food consumption in a _____________ paradigm.
a. anti-racist
b. pro-globalization
c. patriarchal
d. broadly diverse and inclusive
“Rape, Racism and the Law” Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system’s treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women’s sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
After the Civil War, allegations of rape involving Black offenders and White victims
were treated with heightened virulence. One of the ways in which this heightened
virulence manifested was through _______________, which peaked near the end of the
19th century.
a. special doctrinal rules
b. lynching
c. common-law barriers
d. statutory penalties
“Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African American
Youths,” Rod K. Brunson and Jody Miller
Brunson and Miller turn their focus to the experiences of young Black women in the
inner city, as opposed to the focus usually placed on young Black men. In general,
young women face more criminal justice contacts for minor infractions compared to
young men, but also punitive treatment than young White women experience. Research
shows that urban communities with poverty and racial segregation are more often the
target of police misconduct, aggressive strategies, and under-responsive policing, which
builds a sense of resentment and cynicism to the legal system. Brunson and Miller
surveyed and interviewed a total of 35 young African American women and 40 young
African American men with regard to their experience with law enforcement. Males
overall reported more harassment when not participating in any delinquent behavior,
while women were more often stopped and questioned for minor curfew infractions.
Physical violence was more prevalent with young men than young women.
According to Brunson and Miller, young Black women are often mistreated by police as
a. minor offenders
b. victims
c. minor offenders and victims
d. none of these choices are correct