Evolutionary psychologists believe the human mind evolved to solve the challenges that
confront food foragers because
a. foraging is more time-consuming than agriculture.
b. humans have practiced foraging for most of our evolutionary history.
c. sexual division of labor is clearly evident in the fossil record.
d. foraging requires greater skill compared with agriculture.
An individual with two identical alleles at a locus is
a. an independent phenotype.
b. a homozygote.
c. a heterozygote.
d. dominant.
The majority of primate species are not pair-bonded. Therefore, we can predict that
a. both sexes will care for offspring equally.
b. neither sex will care for offspring.
c. males will provide more care for offspring than will females.
d. females will provide more care for offspring than will males.
Upper Paleolithic peoples
a. constructed shelters of mammoth bone and hide.
b. did not have fire.
c. did not have clothing.
d. built the first permanent dwellings.
Primate mothers modify their investment in their offspring
a. when offspring can give alarm calls.
b. with the mother’s need to conserve resources.
c. after they conceive the next offspring.
d. depending on their mating system.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Olduvai sites?
a. The home bases found at Olduvai are now interpreted as spots where hominins ate
their prey.
b. Paleoanthropologists cannot distinguish between animal tooth marks and stone-tool
marks on animal bones found at Olduvai.
c. Taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins only acquired meat by
scavenging.
d. Taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins were sometimes hunters
and sometimes scavengers.
Twin studies assume
a. that the early environments of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are equally similar.
b. that the fetal environments of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are equally similar.
c. that monozygotic twins share fewer genes.
d. both a and b.
The phenotypic frequencies of a character will form a smooth, bell-shaped curve
because of
a. hidden variation.
b. environmental variation.
c. sampling variation.
d. mutational variation.
One problem with the concept of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness is that
a. there is little fossil evidence from 240″40 kya.
b. some scientists believe that small-scale agricultural communities would make a
better model.
c. our ancestors did not practice inbreeding avoidance.
d. modern hunter-gatherers are different from our ancestors in many ways.
Achondroplasia is a genetic adaptation that causes affected individuals to be much
shorter than other people. This adaptation is an example of
a. convergence.
b. gene flow.
c. discontinuous variation.
d. outbreeding.
What percentage of protein-coding genes of humans and chimpanzees differ in a way
that produces different proteins?
a. 10%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 70%
When compared with low-ranking females, high-ranking females may
a. obtain larger quantities of food.
b. spend less energy to reproduce.
c. travel farther to feed.
d. spend more energy in courtship rituals.
Which of the following is a key component of primate ecology?
a. The distribution of predator and prey species
b. The distribution of relatives
c. The distribution of offspring
d. The distribution of rivers
________ include collected, extracted, and hunted foods in their diet.
a. Orangutans
b. Gorillas
c. Chimpanzees
d. Gibbons
Scientists conventionally divide human variation into which two components?
a. Genetic and cultural
b. Cultural and environmental
c. Genetic and environmental
d. Cultural and phenotypic
Compounds found in foods that are essential in regulating many of the body’s metabolic
functions are
a. proteins.
b. fats and oils.
c. vitamins, minerals, and trace amounts of certain elements.
d. carbohydrates.
Primitive features of Homo heidelbergensis include
a. a higher forehead.
b. a chin.
c. a skull with more vertical sides.
d. a large, prognathic face.
Environmental variation
a. affects genotypic expression of characters.
b. tends to blur together the phenotypes associated with different genotypes.
c. does not direct selection.
d. has no effect on phenotype.
In a study done with vervets, researchers found that
a. genetic relatedness is necessary for contingent reciprocity to occur.
b. they responded to recruitment calls from other monkeys after receiving grooming
bouts from them.
c. contingent reciprocity can evolve as confederates react appropriately to the presence
and absence of reciprocity.
d. agemates were more likely to be reciprocal.
Imagine you are a cultural anthropologist and you have traveled to Papua New Guinea
to study a remote tribe of humans. What is the likelihood that this tribe allows marriage
between brothers and sisters?
a. Very likely.
b. Very unlikely.
c. They only allow it for royalty.
d. It cannot be assumed based on the information at hand.
Upper Paleolithic people
a. had a subsistence economy similar to that of the Neanderthals but hunted a wider
range of animals.
b. had a subsistence economy totally different and more advanced than that of the
Neanderthals.
c. hunted a much narrower range of animals than Neanderthals.
d. had a subsistence economy similar to that of Neanderthals but without the use of
animal resources.
Which of the following is true of meiosis?
a. Daughter cells contain one chromosome from each homologous pair.
b. Daughter cells contain both chromosomes from each homologous pair.
c. Meiosis produces somatic cells.
d. Meiosis produced diploid cells.
The first mammals were
a. large and diurnal.
b. small and nocturnal.
c. large and cathemeral.
d. small and crepuscular.
Coalitions among male baboons
a. allow middle-ranking, cooperative males a chance to gain access to receptive
females.
b. are an example of mutualistic behavior as all males get equal mating opportunities.
c. do not allow lower-ranking males to outcompete higher-ranking males.
d. can predict male grooming relationships.
An organism expresses antipredator tactics regardless of the number of predators in the
environment. This is an example of
a. behavioral canalization.
b. behavioral plasticity.
c. behavioral localization.
d. both a and c.
Homo heidelbergensis appeared between
a. 2 and 1 million years ago.
b. 1 million and 10,000 years ago.
c. 800,000 and 500,000 years ago.
d. 400,000 and 10,000 years ago.
Continuous variation occurs when
a. no real variation is apparent between forms.
b. variants come in distinct forms.
c. variants come in a smooth distribution from one extreme to another.
d. only one extreme variant exists.
During the Permian and Triassic eras, much of the world’s fauna was dominated by
a. trilobites.
b. amphibians.
c. reptiles.
d. mammals.
Theoretical studies of the evolution of the eye revealed that
a. approximately 1,800 incremental changes of 1% could allow the eye to evolve from a
single photo receptor to a spherical gradient lens.
b. it would take more than 10 million years for the eye to evolve in an aquatic species
with a short generation time.
c. it was built by artificial selection in no more than 500 years.
d. after 1,800 changes, an eye would still be in the photo receptor phase.
Cross-breeding the offspring of true-bred green and yellow peas led to ________ in the
second generation.
a. only green individuals surviving the first days of life
b. a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green offspring
c. yellowish green individuals
d. half the offspring being green and the other half yellow
The viewpoint that modern humans evolved in Africa proposes that
a. all modern humans evolved in Europe.
b. Asian Homo erectus became extinct.
c. African anatomically modern humans became extinct.
d. Asian Homo erectus gave rise to Asian modern humans.
Spheroids were most likely
a. bolas used in hunting.
b. hammers used for knapping.
c. flakes used to make digging sticks.
d. anvils used to crack nuts.
A derived feature of Homo ergaster not shared with modern humans is
a. occipital torus.
b. smaller jaws and teeth.
c. a broad, flat face.
d. less prognathism.
Australopithecus africanus shares which of the following traits with humans?
a. More air pockets in the skull
b. Canines that are less dimorphic
c. More prognathism
d. Height
A pea plant with only green seeds is
a. homozygous recessive.
b. always tall.
c. an example of blending inheritance.
d. heterozygous.
Define sexual selection, and compare/contrast its two main forms: intersexual selection
and intrasexual selection.
Why do scientists no longer believe that race is a meaningful biological concept?
Why is the hemoglobin S allele found in very high frequencies in some populations
even though it is a lethal recessive?
Explain how natural selection can shape flexible behavioral responses.
Discuss how Buss’s cross-cultural data have been used to test predictions from
evolutionary theory. What might be some of the methodological problems associated
with using surveys as a means of determining people’s mate preferences?
Give two examples indicating that primates deliberately deceive conspecifics.
Choose a trait and describe how the three sources of variation can cause the trait to
vary.
Explain the taxonomic problems associated with members of Tarsiiformes. How would
an evolutionary taxonomist classify these organisms within the order Primate? How
would a cladist classify these organisms within the primates?
What is the biological species concept? Under what circumstances is this concept
difficult to apply?
What was the diet of the robust australopiths? What are the anatomical features
associated with their diet?
Give two examples showing that primates have intelligence designed for navigating
social relationships.
Explain the phenomenon of genetic chimeras and how it relates to kin selection in
cooperatively breeding marmoset groups.
When does selection produce evolutionary change relatively quickly? Provide at least
two pieces of evidence to support your answer.
Why might there be uncertainties about the relationship of different hominins to each
other?
How is the comparative method used in the study of primate behavior and ecology?
Explain how it might help researchers understand the evolution of behavior and
morphology.
Explain the rationale for, and assumptions of, using twins to estimate heritability.