Which of the following statements about polyandry is most likely true?
A.It is found only among fishing communities in Madagascar.
B.It is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation.
C.It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce,
and warfare.
D.It is almost always sororate.
E.It is legal in the United States.
An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world indicates that
A.all cultures classify races similarly.
B.the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process.
C.classifying racial types can best be done by considering only phenotypic traits.
D.classifying racial types can best be done by considering only the genotype involved.
E.the best classification of racial types considers genotype as well as phenotype.
Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual’s
power and prestige in a state?
A.personality
B.ancestry
C.speaking ability
D.anthropomorphism
E.physical size
What is the term for the use of force by a dominant group to compel a minority to adopt
the dominant culture?
A.attitudinal discrimination
B.genocide
C.forced assimilation
D.ethnocentrism
E.environmental racism
The presence of ethnic neighborhoods indicates what kind of coexistence?
A.assimilation
B.acculturation
C.enculturation
D.colonialism
E.multiculturalism
All of the following are true about neoliberalism EXCEPT that it
A.seeks to control costs by lowering wage expenses.
B.characterizes the type of policies designed by powerful international financial
institutions.
C.has been spreading globally.
D.refers to a recent revival of economic liberalism.
E.is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too
important to be left unregulated.
What is one of the most important activities in Pentecostal culture that has greatly aided
its expansion?
A.active evangelization
B.the use of media and televangelism
C.a strict hierarchy
D.heavy funding from North America
E.a Western political agenda
Because of global climate change, arctic landscapes and ecosystems are changing
rapidly and perceptibly, as the residents of Newtok, Alaska, can attest. With the land
upon which they have built their homes slowly melting and sinking, they have appealed
to the state and federal governments for assistance in helping them cover the costs of
moving their town to a different location. Ironically,
A.the land upon which the Alaskan state government buildings are located is also
melting.
B.the residents of Newtok have discovered oil on their land, making their appeal for
funds less convincing.
C.a senator from Alaska has a vacation home in Newtok, Alaska, and so is personally
committed to addressing the predicament of the town.
D.decades ago, the U.S. government mandated that they and other Alaskan natives
abandon a nomadic life based on hunting and fishing for sedentism.
E.the economic activity of the town of Newtok is extremely polluting and thus a big
contributor to the environmental changes that have turned its residents into the first
climate change refugees in the United States.
All of the following are a form of polygamy EXCEPT
A.a man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then
marries again, each time to a different woman.
B.a man who has four wives simultaneously.
C.a woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers.
D.a man who has three wives, all of whom are sisters.
E.a woman who has two unrelated husbands.
Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?
A.Ethnicity is one’s identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs,
values, customs, and norms.
B.Americans maintain a clear distinction between ethnicity and race.
C.Ethnicity is based on common biological features.
D.Ethnicity is the politically correct term for race.
E.Ethnicity and race are synonyms.
Ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political statustheir
own countryare called
A.ethnicities.
B.nationalities.
C.imaginary communes.
D.secondary states.
E.diasporas.
This chapter’s discussion on recurrent gender patterns stresses that
A.it is the role of industrialized nations to correct patterns that are immoral.
B.the United Nations should become more involved in reversing these patterns.
C.exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations may involve societies or individuals.
D.these patterns are universals rather than generalities.
E.these generalities are based on bad data, because the studies did not use randomized
sampling.
Generalized reciprocity
A.is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
B.is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
C.usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
D.disappears with the origin of the state.
E.is exemplified by silent trade.
Divorce tends to be more common
A.when the dowry is very small.
B.when marriages are political alliances between groups.
C.in matrilineal than in patrilineal societies.
D.in societies in which marriage residence is patrilocal.
E.in all societies when romance fails.
All of the following are examples of a Western ethnocentric view of art in the
non-Western world EXCEPT that
A.all non-Western art is produced for religious purposes.
B.all non-Western art is anonymously produced by the culture.
C.non-Westerners cannot appreciate Western art, because they are not cultured enough.
D.non-Western artists simply follow tradition; they do not exercise their creativity or
break from the norm.
E.non-Western sculpture is not always art.
Anthropology may improve psychological studies of human behavior by contributing
A.examples of primitive thinking from tribal societies.
B.nothing, since anthropology focuses on culture and psychology concentrates on
personality.
C.prehistoric analysis.
D.a humanistic approach to psychology.
E.a cross-cultural perspective on models of human psychology.
According to Karl Marx, classes are
A.complementary, in that they each do different tasks necessary for the survival of the
society.
B.part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans.
C.powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course
of history.
D.based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences.
E.not important to his vision of social change in Western society.
More than 70 percent of immigrants to Canada settle in what city?
A.Vancouver
B.Montreal
C.Toronto
D.Quebec
E.Alberta
In the early 20th century, the anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form
among the children of Europeans who had emigrated to North America. He found that
the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics. His findings
underscore the fact that
A.phenotypic similarities and differences don’t necessarily have a genetic basis.
B.even though the environment influences the phenotype, genetics is a more powerful
determinant of racial differences.
C.diet affects which genes are turned off and which get turned on, resulting in a
particular phenotypic characteristic.
D.describing changes in skull form is the most accurate way to study the impact of
migration on traveling populations.
E.observing changes over one generation is not enough to make conclusions about
changes in the genotype and phenotype.
What is the name of the custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased
wife?
A.sororate marriage
B.serial polyandry
C.filial marriage
D.levirate marriage
E.fraternal marriage
How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified?
A.Each subfield studies human variation through time and space.
B.Each subfield studies the human capacity for language.
C.Each subfield studies human biological variability.
D.Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space.
E.The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical
accident.
Which of the following statements about purported attempts to assign humans to
discrete racial categories based on common ancestry is true?
A.They are applied to endogamous breeding populations.
B.They are based on genotypic rather than phenotypic characteristics.
C.They are based on global racial categories that vary little among societies.
D.They are a recent phenomenon brought on by globalization.
E.They are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in
biology.
Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
A.promoting change, but not overinnovation.
B.preserving local systems while working to make them better.
C.respecting local traditions.
D.drawing models of development from indigenous practices.
E.developing strategies with little input from the local communities.
Anthropologists agree that cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans and
that all humans have culture. They also accept a doctrine designated in the 19th century
as the “psychic unity of man.” What does this doctrine mean?
A.Although women and men both share the emotional and intellectual capacities for
culture, at the population level there is less variability in these capacities among men
than among women.
B.Although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, all human
populations have equivalent capacities for culture.
C.Although an individual’s genetic endowment does not affect that person’s ability to
learn cultural traditions, it does affect his or her capacity to change culture creatively.
D.Although human populations differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, all
individuals have equivalent capacities for culture.
E.Both mental abilities and mental disabilities are evenly distributed among individuals
of all cultures.
Although the incest taboo is a cultural universal, cultures define incest differently. For
example, in many cultures it is incestuous to marry parallel cousins but not cross
cousins. What is the difference?
A.The children of two brothers or two sisters are parallel cousins. The children of a
brother and a sister are cross cousins.
B.Parallel cousins are socially recognized relatives, but cross cousins are true biological
cousins.
C.The children of a brother and a sister are parallel cousins. The children of two
brothers or two sisters are cross cousins.
D.Parallel cousins are true biological cousins, whereas cross cousins are simply socially
recognized relatives.
E.There is no symbolic difference between the two, only a biological difference.
What type of term is used to convey or imply a status difference between the speaker
and the person being referred to or addressed?
A.formal addresses, but sociolinguists rarely pay attention to them, because their use in
a social situation is always a result of linguistic exploitation
B.honorifics
C.style shifts
D.diglossia
E.linguistic relational
In general, Americans tend to maintain a greater physical distance from others they
interact with on a day-to-day basis, especially when compared to Brazilians or Italians,
who need less personal space. However, the story of American students’ attitudes
toward hugging in “Give Me a Hug” reminds us that
A.any nation usually contains diverse and even conflicting cultural values, and these
cultural values are not static.
B.the key reason for the poor track-record of U.S. diplomacy begins with failures in the
American school system.
C.some aspects of culture are more biologically determined than others.
D.cultural values regarding bodily touch and personal space are very difficult to change
from one generation to another.
E.homosexuality is becoming more prevalent, and more accepted, among teenagers.
According to Wallerstein (1982, 2004), what are the three structural positions of the
modern world system?
A.core, periphery, and semiperiphery
B.metropole, satellite, and semisatellite
C.state, nation-state, and nation
D.wealth, power, and prestige
E.preliterate, nonliterate, and literate
Practice theory
A.focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and
transform the world they live in.
B.was popularized by Margaret Mead in the 1940s.
C.is the only theoretical paradigm to effectively solve the “culture-individual” problem.
D.actually shares the same deterministic assumptions of earlier theoretical paradigms.
E.explains social phenomena only in nonindustrial societies.
Which of the following LEAST explains the existence of cultural generalities?
A.cultural borrowing
B.globalization
C.colonialism
D.isolationism
E.trade