Factors such as the living and working environment of the officer often affect their
discretion.
a. True
b. False
Andrew has decided that he is going to rob a bank to pay off his debts after losing his
job. He buys a gun from a kid who lives in an economically depressed section of town
but he doesn”t ask where the gun came from. On the day of the robbery, Andrew
decides that he will shoot at the ceiling inside the bank to get everyone’s attention. But
as he shoots, the bullet ricochets and strikes a bank teller. The teller dies instantly and in
the process of Andrew’s getaway, he drops his gun.
Which theoretical explanation most closely fits with Andrew’s actions?
a.Personality theory
b.Social learning theory
c.Cognitive theory
d.Rational choice theory
John was born into a family that didn’t have very much money, and it seemed that his
parents struggled to put and keep food on the table. As he grew up, he found school
boring despite being smart, so he dropped out. He was always impulsive and finding a
job took too long. John recently found out that he is going to be a father and wants to
provide the best opportunity for his child that he can. To support himself and his unborn
child, he gets involved in selling pain pills and he is arrested in a sting operation.
The judge believes selling drugs is inherently destructive and dangerous and that by
punishing John, he will learn to control his actions in the future. The judge’s view of the
criminal justice system is likely the _____ view.
a.crime control
b.due process
c.interactionist
d.consensus
Proponents of this justice perspective are concerned about the effect of the stigma that
criminal suspects bear when they are given negative labels such as “rapist” or “child
molester.”
a. Rehabilitation
b.Nonintervention
c. Equal justice
d. Restorative justice
Which style of policing prefers to ignore or treat informally issues of concern, unless
the social or political order is being jeopardized?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
Indeterminate sentences use sentencing guidelines.
a. True
b. False
Caroline has been arrested for shoplifting at Bloomingdales. This is not her first offense
and at trial she is found guilty. The judge decides the appropriate punishment is to cut
off Caroline’s hand so she will not be able to shoplift again.
If Caroline had been put to death for her crimes of shoplifting, what philosophy or goal
would that punishment best align with?
a. Wergild
b. Specific deterrence
c. General deterrence
d. Just desert
It is currently recognized that a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated in
geographic “hot spots.”
a. True
b. False
Certain statutory offenses exist in which mens rea is not essential. These offenses fall
within a category known as:
a. torts.
b. strict liability crimes.
c. mala in se crimes.
d. stare decisis.
Law enforcement and the courts have traditionally been reluctant to throw corporate
executives in jail.
a. True
b. False
Market manipulation is one of the three major types of Internet securities fraud that is
common today.
a. True
b. False
What state completely eliminated plea bargaining in 1975?
a. Alaska
b. Oregon
c. Indiana
d. Alabama
Aggressive patrol in New York City during the 1990s has been credited with a reduction
in:
a. prostitution
b. violent crime
c. drug dealing
d. property crime
More than half of all-male inmates are held in ______ institutions.
a. minimum-security
b. medium-security
c. maximum-security
d. super maximum-security
One reason for investigative ineffectiveness is that there are too many competing
interests to solve a case within the police department.
a. True
b. False
Many scholars argue that probation will continue to be the sentence of choice in both
felony and misdemeanor cases because it:
a. controls for recidivism better than other intermediate sanctions.
b. holds the promise of great financial savings.
c. best fulfills the promise of rehabilitation.
d. is justified in the ladder of punishment as a just desert sanction based on the severity
of the criminal act.
In medieval England, a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor
disturbances and breaches of the peace was referred to as the watch system.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following would not constitute a specialty court?
a. Probate court
b. Circuit court
c. Community court
d. Mental health court
Who chooses whether a trial will be before a judge or a jury?
a. Prosecutor
b. Defendant
c. Judge
d. Court administrator
What is the most common definition of a felony?
a. A crime punishable in the statute by death or imprisonment in a state prison.
b. Any crime punishable by imprisonment in a jail or state prison.
c. A crime punishable by grand jury indictment.
d. Any crime for which one can be imprisoned for more than three years in prison.
Supporters of the Pennsylvania system believed that the penitentiary was truly a place
to experience penitence.
a. True
b. False
Barry has been a police officer since 1972. He has seen a lot of changes in his
department and to the culture of policing in general. In the 1970s most of his fellow
officers were white men. He thinks the idea of adding more women and minorities to
the force is great because it may be easier to respond to certain incidents if you have
heterogeneity.
Barry was made detective back in 2005 but his partner just retired. His new partner is a
woman, he is okay with that, but thinks that she might have trouble. What type of
trouble is she likely to run into as a police officer?
a. Double marginality
b. The blue curtain
c. More disciplinary action by administrators
d. Cynicism
Mark is learning about the history of police. He wants to find out if police were always
the way they are now: those who protect the public, serve the community, and attempt
to catch criminals. He dives into his history book and finds that the first organized
police force was established in 1829.
In his studies of policing before 1829, Mark learns about what early practice?
a. Just and peaceful patrol
b. Public justice and town hangings
c. Tithings and the hue and cry
d. Peacekeeping and patrol
More than half of the contact that police officers engage in with civilians is spent?
a. catching criminals.
b. handling traffic related matters.
c. ferreting out drug dealers.
d. investigating crime.
Some police experts believe that law enforcement personnel believe it is impossible to
win the war against crime without bending the rules, and this is part of the police
culture.
a. True
b. False
To be considered illegal dumping, the wastes have to contain hazardous materials.
a. True
b. False
Madalyn has just earned her degree in Information Systems. After graduation she
decides to go to the police academy. She believes that working for the police and
combining her knowledge of computers would be a great niche field.
Madalyn has always wanted to be a police officer. She cannot wait to be on the street
and chasing down bad guys. In her first month on the job, she makes two arrests and
there were no chases. What is the most logical reason why?
a. Females are treated differently in policing.
b. Police engage in many noncrime-related activities.
c. Investigation is a key role that police officers fulfill.
d. According to the UCR, crime rates are decreasing.
Use of discretion at all levels of the criminal justice system is one way in which ethical
considerations arise.
a. True
b. False
Evidence shows that targeting specific crimes through directed patrol has no influence
on crime rates.
a. True
b. False
Sean hasn”t always been on the wrong side of the law; he grew up in a two-parent
household and was involved with his church and the community garden that his dad
loved. When his dad was arrested and sent to prison for growing copious amounts of
marijuana, everything changed. When his father was sentenced, his mom left him with
his grandma and she hasn”t been seen in 2 years. Sean has had many chances to reform
his behavior in the juvenile system, and his grandmother has tried to get him counseling
and a mentor. Despite his young age of 16, Sean has just been sentenced as an adult in a
shooting rampage that killed one and wounded four.
Sean was placed in solitary confinement when he first arrived at the prison. The
problem is that he has now been in solitude for 3 months. What is the historical purpose
of these actions?
a. Penance
b. Solitude for safety
c. Retribution
d. Rehabilitation to cure
In Minnesota v. Murphy, the court ruled that the probation officer”client relationship is
confidential.
a. True
b. False
Which standard solely considers whether the accused is able to distinguish right from
wrong?
a. Durham rule
b. Substantial capacity test
c. M”Naghten rule
d. Irresistible impulse test
A seasoned officer and his new partner are assigned to a crime, drug, and poverty
stricken neighborhood. The officer who has been on the force for a while has seen these
issues before; he knows that he has to be tough and strong and set the record straight
about who the police are, and why they are in force in that neighborhood. His partner
grew up in a neighborhood like this one and is well aware of how individuals in this
neighborhood view the police.
Growing up in a neighborhood similar to the one he now patrols, what would be the
new partner’s best style of policing to use in that neighborhood?
a. The law enforcer
b. The watchman
c. The crime fighter
d. The social agent
Annually, about 38 percent of US residents aged 16 or older had a face-to-face contact
with a police officer.
a. True
b. False
The first technological breakthrough in policing came in the area of:
a. transportation.
b. communication.
c. regulation.
d. administration.
Discuss correctional trends that have occurred during the past 50 years.
The primary concern of ___________ is the control and regulation of human
interaction.
How has the historical development of probation influenced its modern operation? How
would you answer someone who says that intensive probation is merely a return to
probation as it was originally envisioned by John Augustus?
____________________ prisons are the most stringent type of facilities that lock down
inmates 23 hours a day.
Intensive physical conditioning and discipline occurs at a ______, popular in the 1980s
and 1990s.
Compare and contrast the sentencing models of indeterminate and determinate.
More than 90 percent of all police departments require this type of training, and the
average officer receives more than 500 hours of _____ training, including 400 hours in
the classroom and the rest in the field.
One aggressive patrol program, known as the ____________________, was directed at
restricting the carrying of guns in high-risk places at high-risk times.
Characteristics of the justice system and the quality of police work are examples of
_____ issues considered by the prosecutor.
Discuss three reasons why investigations are often ineffective. What can be done to
improve investigations?
A number of important legal issues surround probation. Using two relevant cases to
illustrate, discuss the legal rights of probationers.
Holding an offender in secure confinement before trial is referred to as _______.
A _____ houses those awaiting trial and confines convicted misdemeanants serving
sentences of less than one year.
The ____________________ Amendment has been used in the past to argue that the
death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment.
Discuss two of the following Amendments (Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, or Eighth
Amendments) and how each serves to limit and control the manner in which the federal
government operates the justice system.
Through the use of examples, elaborate on the expanding role of technology in the court
process.
If the prosecutor decides to pursue a case, the charges may later be dropped if
conditions are not favorable for a conviction in a process called
____________________.
________________ is the evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the
issuance of an arrest or search warrant.
The notion that deteriorating neighborhoods attracts law violators is referred to as the
__________ hypothesis.