Based on the research of Philip Reno, early hominins show reduced sexual dimorphism,
which is evidence for cooperation and likely for:
a. monogamy.
b. multifamily grouping.
c. pair bonding.
d. multimale grouping.
The cladistic approach to primate classification is:
a. based on the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral lines.
b. based on personal observation of phenotypes only.
c. also called the gradistic method of classification.
d. based on levels of anatomical complexity, without consideration of
ancestor-descendent relationships.
R.C. Lewontin found that human “races” have no taxonomic significance. He
demonstrated this:
a. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races.
b. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found across human
populations.
c. through the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics.
d. through research that examined genetic diversity across different species of
mammals.
When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:
a. long bone growth is slowed.
b. full adult height is attained.
c. the adolescent growth spurt begins.
d. is an event largely determined by the environment.
Baboons are commonly used in biomedical research. Which of the following is a major
contribution to the Human Genome Project that has resulted from baboon research?
a. Baboons provide a model for HIV.
b. Baboons provide a model for osteoarthritis.
c. Baboons provide a model for understanding human obesity.
d. Baboons provide a model for osteoporosis.
Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic
individual. Which of the following reasons does NOT explain why it exists in primate
societies?
a. Altruistic behavior is not directed randomly, but toward related individuals.
b. Altruistic behavior is an example of kin selection.
c. Altruistic behavior is likely to be observed in groups where there is high genetic
relatedness among individuals.
d. Altruistic behavior is random.
Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools:
a. had a narrower range of functions.
b. used fewer raw materials.
c. were characterized by fewer tool types.
d. required more learning and skill to produce.
The first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans include:
a. Australopithecus afarensis.
b. Paranthropus.
c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis.
d. Orrorin tugenensis.
Eras are:
a. divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.
b. a fictitious time frame.
c. divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age.”
d. representations of time frames for certain fossil species.
A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors’ teeth is:
a. the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b. a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
c. the Y-5 cusp pattern.
d. a canine that shows wear on the tip.
Anthropology views humans as both:
a. primates and religious beings.
b. primates, religious, and cultural beings.
c. biological and cultural beings.
d. cultural and religious beings.
Paleosols and fauna in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia show that:
a. the earliest hominins lived in wooded settings.
b. the earliest hominins lived in unwooded grassland settings.
c. the earliest hominins lived in marshy settings.
d. the earliest hominins lived in desert settings.
Altruistic behavior:
a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
b. occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
c. is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
d. is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
The type of selection that favored progressively larger brain size in human evolution is:
a. natural selection.
b. directional selection.
c. stabilizing selection.
d. disruptive selection.
Why are primates social in the long term?
a. to reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance reproductive success
b. to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society
c. to emphasize care of the young
d. to develop support for females to increase fecundity
Which of the following are prosimians?
a. baboons
b. gibbons
c. lemurs
d. tamarins
The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that
of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?
a. the cervical (neck) vertebrae
b. the mandible
c. the ribs
d. the hyoid
The presence of a recessive allele:
a. can always be determined from the phenotype.
b. is usually masked in the phenotype.
c. is expressed in the phenotype alongside a dominant allele.
d. can never be expressed in the phenotype.
The suborder prosimians includes:
a. only nocturnal species.
b. only diurnal species.
c. diurnal and nocturnal galagos.
d. diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.
The study of physical anthropology varies in that:
a. some physical anthropologists study potential for life on other planets.
b. some physical anthropologists study the interaction between domestic animals and
disease.
c. some physical anthropologists study extinct and living species of primates.
d. some physical anthropologists study changes in marine life.
As glaciers and ice caps melt_________ and _________ will occur.
a. flooding of low-lying areas; loss of millions of acres of habitable land
b. more fresh water will be released; increases in agriculture and population
sustainability
c. ocean temperatures will increase; species die off
d. both a. and c.
Nucleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. thymine.
b. adenine.
c. uracil.
d. cytosine.
Forensic anthropologists who were called in to help with the 9/11 tragedy had to have a
very good understanding of:
a. primate dentition.
b. human hair identification.
c. CSI training.
d. human osteology.
The angiosperm radiation hypothesis proposes that:
a. primates’ unique traits are an adaptation to living in trees.
b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects.
c. certain primate traits were responses to the acquisition of fruit during the Cenozoic.
d. primates could see predators in advance.
Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were:
a. adapids.
b. proconsulids.
c. dryopithecids.
d. plesiadapiforms.
In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently
of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding:
a. applies to genes on the same chromosome.
b. applies to the law of independent assortment.
c. explains gene linkage.
d. explains inheritance in simple organisms.
An index fossil is:
a. a fossil found in a particular site.
b. the ideal specimen of that species that all examples must follow.
c. a fossil used to categorize a stratigraphic layer.
d. the type specimen of a species.
The out-of-Africa model explains:
a. a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens
throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.
b. the importance of gene flow across population boundaries.
c. migrations of australopithecines out of Africa.
d. migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.
During the Holocene artifacts like __________ began to appear.
a. bones and teeth
b. ceramics
c. shell
d. wood objects
Scientists define modern in terms of:
a. a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier
hominins.
b. a designated timeframe between the Upper and Lower Paleolithic.
c. a series of anatomical traits that distinguish Cro-Magnon features from Neandertals.
d. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal
species?
a. long legs
b. pointy teeth
c. large eye orbits
d. short fingers and toes
Physical anthropologists seek to:
a. study humans from a cultural perspective.
b. study humans from a biological perspective only.
c. study humans from a biological and cultural perspective.
d. study human behavior only.
The expression of polygenic traits:
a. is never determined by the influence of environmental factors.
b. is determined by genes at several loci in conjunction with environmental factors.
c. is determined solely by genes at two or more loci.
d. is determined solely by the influence of environmental factors.
The higher the social rank of a female primate the:
a. lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring.
b. lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring.
c. greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates.
d. greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.
By the close of the Pleistocene the human population numbered:
a. several thousand.
b. 7 billion.
c. several million.
d. 1 billion.