Freud’s theory was the first to stress the influence of __________ on development.
A)observational learning
B)rewards and punishment
C)cultural norms
D)the early parent-child relationship
In middle childhood, children’s anxieties are directed toward new concerns, such as a fear
of
A)the dark.
B)supernatural beings.
C)thunder and lightning.
D)the possibility of dying.
The most powerful influence on extracurricular involvement is
A)small school size.
B)high-quality teacher interaction.
C)parental encouragement.
D)peer acceptance.
Enriching women’s diets with calcium
A)can cause miscarriages in the germinal period.
B)helps prevent neural tube defects.
C)eliminates the risk of osteoporosis in offspring.
D)helps prevent maternal high blood pressure.
__________ aggression is used to obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward.
A)Proactive
B)Reactive
C)Hostile
D)Verbal
Epidural analgesia
A)numbs the entire lower half of the body.
B)limits pain reduction to the pelvic region.
C)strengthens uterine contractions.
D)reduces the chances of cesarean delivery.
Which of the following children is most likely to be above North American growth norms?
A)Timmy, a Caucasian-American boy
B)June, an Asian girl
C)Freddy, an African-American boy
D)Kim, an Asian boy
Kohlberg believed that moral understanding is promoted by the same factors Piaget
thought
A)are passively acquired through accepting the rules presented by moral authority figures.
B)can be attained by adhering closely to parental and cultural directives.
C)were important for cognitive development, such as gains in perspective taking.
D)could lead to closed-mindedness and intolerance if not grounded in a religious faith.
Compared to full-term infants, preterm babies are
A)at a greater risk for child abuse.
B)more often held close.
C)talked to more gently.
D)more often touched.
__________ accounts for 18 percent of reported cases of child maltreatment.
A)Neglect
B)Physical abuse
C)Sexual abuse
D)Emotional abuse
Research indicates that age-related gains in self-esteem
A) are similar across generations.
B) are so small as not to be meaningful.
C) result entirely from increased egocentrism.
D) cannot be applied to past generations.