The quality of American police service in the nineteenth century was bad.
a. True
b. False
Case 3-1
Johnny and Martin are in a bar drinking beer and talking. Sharon walks in and starts
talking to Johnny. Martin gets jealous because he was engaged to be married to Sharon
and they only recently broke up. Martin gets so mad that he starts to yell at Johnny. He
then swings at Johnny and misses. Martin falls to the ground and passes out. Johnny
gets so mad that he stabs Martin in the back and kills him.
Martin’s family believes that Johnny should be held responsible for this crime. They
request monetary damages to
compensate for the wrong that has been committed. What type of law covers this
request?
a. administrative law
b. case law
c. civil law
d. criminal law
Case 10-2
Sandra was recently released from a juvenile detention facility. She was serving time
for theft, burglary, and assault. Sandra was in a well-known street gang. To celebrate
her release from the juvenile facility and her 18th birthday, Sandra decided it would be
fun to carjack a car with her gang member friends. She took a gun from her older
brother. On the evening of the carjacking, Sandra and a fellow gang member
approached a car that was being driven by an elderly woman. Sandra pointed the gun at
the woman through the driver’s side window and screamed for her to get out of the car.
When the victim opened her door, Sandra pulled her out of the car and pushed her on
the ground. Sandra jumped into the driver’s seat of the vehicle while Sandra’s friend
jumped into the passenger side of the car. They drove around for a couple of hours
before crashing the car into a tree and fleeing the scene.
Sandra’s fingerprints were found on the vehicle and the victim identified Sandra as the
offender from a photo lineup. Sandra was brought into custody and charged with an
armed carjacking. Because of previous violent felony convictions, Sandra is looking at
being charged under habitual offender laws. She can potentially get a 25-year prison
sentence.
The prosecutor demands that Sandra be required to remain at home at all times and only
be allowed to leave her home for medical emergencies. This type of sentence is referred
to as:
a. curfew.
b. home detention.
c. home incarceration.
d. shock incarceration.
In California v Greenwoodthe U.S. Supreme Court felt that the suspect had a
reasonable expectation of privacy when it came to his garbage bags.
a. True
b. False
Criminologists focusing on sociology have argued that are the most important variable
in predicting criminal behavior.
a. neighborhood conditions
b. mental illnesses
c. genetic traits
d. opportunities
The dark figure of crime refers to those offenses that are committed, but are unknown to
the police.
a. True
b. False
Police officers spend the majority of their time on law enforcement activities.
a. True
b. False
When an offender is sentenced under the determinate sentencing philosophy, his or her
release date is determined by the parole board.
a. True
b. False
The typical jail term is approximately .
a. 10 to 30 days
b. 30 to 90 days
c. 180 days
d. 1 year
A state statute applies only within that state’s borders.
a. True
b. False
A linear designed jail uses direct supervision where one or more jail officers are
stationed in the living area of the pod and are in constant interaction with all prisoners
in that pod.
a. True
b. False
Suspects may be questioned without having a lawyer present if the interrogation does
not focus on the crime for which he or she was arrested, even though it does touch
another closely related crime.
a. True
b. False
A particular problem area for girls appears to be the crime of:
a. assault.
b. burglary.
c. murder.
d. robbery.
Case 1-2
Beth was arrested by the San Francisco Police Department for the crime of burglary.
San Francisco is in the state of California. She is charged with a violation of state law.
In the state of California, burglary is a felony.
In which step of the criminal justice system would Beth have her criminal trial?
a. entry
b. pretrial services
c. adjudication
d. sanctions
Case 4-1
Sara is 18 and she just graduated from high school. She is thinking about her future and
is deciding to either apply to her local college to study sociology or to apply to the local
police department to start working as a police officer.
Sara calls the police department and inquires about working for the police department.
The recruiter explains to Sara that the majority of a police officer’s time is spent
providing services. Which is not
considered a service for law enforcement?
a. directing traffic
b. performing emergency medical procedures
c. enforcing the law
d. finding lost children
The function of the court is concerned with protecting the rights of individual citizens
against the power of the state.
a. due process
b. crime control
c. rehabilitation
d. bureaucratic
A theory of crime in which offenders weigh the possible benefits of criminal activity
against the costs of being apprehended is:
a. rational choice theory.
b. social disorganization theory.
c. social process theory.
d. trait theory.
DNA fingerprinting emerged in the:
a. 1970s.
b. 1980s.
c. 1990s.
d. 2000s.
A process by which the government seizes private property attached to criminal activity
is:
a. community service.
b. fines.
c. forfeiture.
d. restitution.
What degree of felony carries the maximum penalty of death?
a. capital offense.
b. first degree felonies.
c. second degree felonies.
d. third degree felonies.
According to , criminal offending is the result of interactions with parents, friends and
peer groups.
a. choice theory
b. social disorganization theory
c. social process theory
d. trait theory
Which is the dominant method of execution in the United States today?
a. the gas chamber
b. electrocution in an electric chair
c. hanging
d. lethal injection
Failing to report a change of address is a violation, which may result in revocation of
probation.
a. common
b. punitive
c. standard
d. technical
A software program that is capable of reproducing itself as it spreads from one
computer to the next is a(n):
a. virus.
b. botnet.
c. worm.
d. spam.
Juveniles are most commonly transferred to adult courts through prosecutorial waiver.
a. True
b. False
Case 5-2
Officer Torres is new to the police force. She was the top of her class in the police
academy and received positive feedback from her field training officer. She has been on
the job for approximately 1 year and has soon realized that working as a police officer
is very different from what they learned in the police academy.
Officer Torres was recently in a situation where she was apprehending a burglary
suspect. The suspect was actively resisting by pulling away from Officer Torres and
even attempted to punch her in the stomach. Which weapon would Officer Torres not be
allowed to use to subdue the offender?
a. baton
b. gun
c. strikes
d. taser
Which type of defense used in a defendant’s case includes the submission of evidence
showing that the accused was not at or near the scene of the crime at the time the crime
was committed?
a. affirmative defense
b. alibi defense
c. hearsay defense
d. prejudicial defense
Which of the following is defined as “a metaphorical term used to refer to the value
placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police
officers”?
a. blue curtain
b. police sarcasm
c. police cynicism
d. police subculture
The highest appellate court in a state is usually called the supreme court.
a. True
b. False
Statutorily determined punishments that must be applied to those who are convicted of
specific crimes are:
a. mandatory sentencing guidelines.
b. habitual sentencing laws.
c. indeterminate sentencing laws.
d. determinate sentencing laws.
In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court find that severe overcrowding in California
state prisons denied inmates satisfactory levels of mental and physical health care, and
therefore amounted to unconstitutional cruel and unusual punishment?
a. Brownv.Plata
b. Hudsonv.Palmer
c. Cruzv.California
d. Wolffv.McDonnell
Police officers often have high levels of , otherwise known as the stress hormone.
a. dopamine
b. cortisol
c. proposol
d. adrenaline
An appellate court will rarely question a jury’s decision; instead, the appellate judges
will review the manner in which the facts and evidence were provided to the jury, and
rule on whether errors were made in the process.
a. True
b. False
Case 9-1
Jeremy has just been found guilty by a jury for the crimes of robbery, aggravated
assault, and obstruction of justice. Jeremy has an extensive criminal history. He was
previously in prison for burglary and possession of illegal drugs. When he was arrested
for these new crimes of robbery, aggravated assault, and obstruction of justice, he was
on probation for stealing a vehicle.
The judge in the case is tired of seeing Jeremy in his courtroom. He is determined to
give him the most severe punishment that the law allows. The judge believes that
Jeremy must return to prison because he thinks that is the only way that he will no
longer be a danger to society again. The judge in this case is most likely following the
sentencing philosophy of:
a. retribution.
b. deterrence.
c. incapacitation.
d. rehabilitation.
List and describe the members of the courtroom workgroup.
is the criminal act of causing fear in another person by repeatedly subjecting that person
to unwanted or threatening attention.
Identify and discuss the three traditional forms of police corruption.
A is a brief detention of a person by law enforcement agents for questioning.
The is the law limiting the amount of time prosecutors have to bring criminal charges
against a suspect after the crime has occurred.
What type of information are forensic scientists looking for?
Discuss new-generation jails.
Why does the Supreme Court require “beyond a reasonable doubt” as the standard of
proof in criminal cases, rather than “preponderance of the evidence” as in civil cases?
Explain the difference between the informal and the formal criminal justice processes.
The Supreme Court held that the must occur “promptly,” typically within 48 hours of
booking.
takes place outside the confines of the police academy where a recruit is paired with an
experienced police officer.
A is a group of inmates who band together within the corrections system to engage in
social and criminal activities.
Discuss the use of force and when police are justified in using deadly force.
Laws that require local law authorities to alert the public when a sex offender has been
released into the community are _______________________________.
Suppose that a gunused by a defendant to murder a victimwas found as the result of an
improper police search. If you were a defense attorney you could challenge the
evidence based on the .
For most states looking to cut corrections costs, the focus has been on , which is the
reduction of inmate populations.